why was is difficult for large civilizations in mesoamerica and south america to hold together
There were several reasons that made it difficult for large civilizations in Mesoamerica and South America to hold together:
1. Geographic barriers: Mesoamerica and South America have diverse and challenging terrains such as mountains, jungles, and deserts. These geographic barriers made communication and transportation difficult, which hindered the centralization of power and control over large territories.
2. Cultural and linguistic diversity: The regions had numerous different ethnic groups and languages. These diverse cultures often had separate identities and interests, which made it challenging to maintain unity and a shared sense of belonging.
3. Lack of centralized political authority: Many civilizations in these regions were not highly centralized, and power was often shared among various city-states or regions. This decentralized political structure often led to conflicts and power struggles, making it difficult to maintain territorial control.
4. Economic disparities: There were significant economic disparities between regions and social classes within these large civilizations. This disparity often created tensions and conflicts, as some regions or classes might feel exploited or marginalized by more powerful centers of power.
5. Environmental challenges: Dry spells, floods, disease outbreaks, or other natural disasters could severely impact agricultural productivity, leading to food shortages and social unrest. These environmental challenges made it difficult for governments to manage their territories effectively.
6. External invasions: Several large civilizations in Mesoamerica and South America were invaded by foreign powers. These external invasions disrupted the existing power structures and sometimes dismantled the civilizations altogether.
Overall, the combination of geographic barriers, cultural diversity, lack of centralized political authority, economic disparities, environmental challenges, and external invasions made it difficult for large civilizations in Mesoamerica and South America to hold together.