The Crusades were a series of military campaigns fought between the 11th and 13th centuries. The primary participants in the Crusades were the Christians from Western Europe, predominantly from the feudal states of France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire (Germany). However, not all Christians participated, and there were also prominent individuals from other regions, including Italy and Spain. On the other side, they fought against various Muslim states, including the Seljuk Turks, Fatimid Caliphate, and Ayyubid Dynasty, which controlled the Holy Land (modern-day Middle East). The Crusades also saw participation from Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire, as they sought assistance from Western Christians against Muslim incursions.
