All of the options listed can be effects of deforestation, but the most directly linked effect is soil erosion. When trees and vegetation are removed, the soil becomes more susceptible to erosion by wind and water. This can lead to decreased soil fertility, increased sedimentation in waterways, and a loss of habitat for many species. Air and water pollution can also be indirectly caused by deforestation. However, earthquakes are not directly caused by deforestation.
