why was it difficult for large civilizations in Mesoamerica and south America to hold together?
There were several reasons why it was difficult for large civilizations in Mesoamerica and South America to hold together:
1. Geographical and ecological challenges: The diverse and challenging landscapes, including mountains, jungles, desert regions, and rivers, made it difficult for large civilizations to maintain a cohesive political and economic structure. The geographical barriers hindered communication, trade, and the exchange of ideas, often leading to fragmented political entities.
2. Ethnic and linguistic diversity: Mesoamerica and South America were home to diverse cultures, each with its distinct ethnic groups and languages. This linguistic and ethnic diversity often created challenges in establishing a unified identity and governance structure.
3. Lack of centralized political authority: Many civilizations in Mesoamerica, such as the Maya, had a decentralized political structure with multiple city-states, each having its ruler. This lack of a centralized authority made it difficult to maintain political unity and coordination across vast territories.
4. Resource competition and warfare: The scarcity of resources, particularly fertile agricultural land and water sources, often led to conflicts and competition among neighboring civilizations. Frequent warfare and rivalries made it challenging for large empires to hold together as they constantly faced external threats.
5. Religious and ideological differences: Mesoamerican and South American civilizations had a rich variety of religious beliefs and practices. These differences often led to tensions and conflicts, making it challenging to maintain a cohesive religious or ideological framework across large territories.
6. Social inequality and internal discontent: Large civilizations often suffered from social inequalities, with ruling elites amassing wealth and power while commoners faced hardship and discontent. This internal unrest and dissatisfaction frequently led to divisions and rebellions, further threatening the stability of these civilizations.
Overall, the combination of geographical barriers, ethnic diversity, lack of centralized political authority, resource competition, religious differences, and social inequalities made it challenging for large civilizations in Mesoamerica and South America to hold together over extended periods.