If earthquakes and volcanoes are small quick changes, what are some ways that * the Earth's surface might have changed or be currently changing in big but slower ways?
There are several ways in which Earth's surface can change or be currently changing in big but slower ways. Some of these include:
1. Plate Tectonics: The movement of Earth's tectonic plates is a major driving force for long-term surface changes. The plates are constantly moving, colliding, and either building up or breaking apart crustal structures. This process leads to the formation of mountains, valleys, rifts, and oceanic trenches over millions of years.
2. Erosion and Weathering: Earth's surface is continuously shaped by the processes of erosion and weathering. Over time, wind, water, ice, and other natural forces break down rocks and transport sediment from one place to another. This gradual wearing away of landforms can lead to the formation of canyons, river valleys, coastal cliffs, and other prominent features.
3. Glacial Processes: The movement of glaciers is another mechanism that can significantly reshape Earth's surface. As glaciers advance and retreat over thousands of years, they erode valleys, carve out fjords, and deposit large amounts of sediment, altering the landscape in their path.
4. Sea-Level Changes: Changes in sea level, primarily driven by the melting and formation of ice caps, can have profound impacts on Earth's surface. During ice ages, large portions of Earth's water are locked up in ice sheets, causing sea levels to drop. Conversely, warmer periods result in the melting of ice, causing sea levels to rise and potentially flooding coastal areas.
5. Tectonic Uplift and Subsidence: Besides the lateral movement of plates, tectonic uplift and subsidence also contribute to surface changes. Uplift occurs when large blocks of Earth's crust are pushed upwards, leading to the formation of mountains and high plateaus. Conversely, subsidence refers to the sinking of the Earth's surface, which can result in the creation of basins or sinkholes.
6. Weather Patterns and Climate Change: Long-term changes in weather patterns and climate can cause significant alterations to Earth's surface. For instance, prolonged periods of erosion caused by increased rainfall or changing wind patterns can lead to the formation of expansive desert landscapes or the migration of sand dunes.
These processes typically occur over geological timescales and may take thousands or even millions of years to manifest noticeable changes on Earth's surface.