beginning of the decline of the Muslim expansion into Western Europe. The Islamic Umayyad caliphate, led by their general Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, was defeated by the Frankish forces under the command of Charles Martel in 732. The victory at the Battle of Tours halted the Muslims' advance into Europe and preserved Christianity as the dominant religion of the region. It is often considered a turning point in European history as it prevented the Islamization of Western Europe and ensured the future development of Christian civilization.
