Why was the Treaty of Tordesillas to divide the non-European world between Spain and Portugal
The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal, with the intention of dividing the non-European world between the two countries. The primary reason behind this treaty was to resolve conflicts and disputes arising from the newly discovered lands and potential riches that resulted from the expeditions of Christopher Columbus, sponsored by Spain, and Vasco da Gama, sponsored by Portugal.
The Pope, as the spiritual leader of Christianity and as the ultimate authority of that time, played a crucial role in mediating the dispute between the two rival powers. Pope Alexander VI issued a papal bull known as the Inter caetera in 1493, which granted Spain and Portugal exclusive rights to explore and conquer newly discovered lands. The bull drew a north-south dividing line through the Atlantic Ocean, with territories to the west of the line falling under the domain of Spain, while those to the east of the line were allocated to Portugal.
However, neither Spain nor Portugal were entirely satisfied with this division. As a result, negotiations took place, and the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed the following year. The treaty moved the dividing line farther west, allowing Portugal to claim substantial territories in South America, including Brazil. The revised line essentially gave Spain control over most of the Americas, while Portugal gained control of Africa, Asia, and Eastern Brazil.
Reasons for this division were primarily based on economic and colonial ambitions. Both Spain and Portugal sought to secure their positions as dominant colonial powers and acquire wealth, resources, and influence in the newly discovered territories. The treaty aimed to prevent potential conflicts between the two nations by establishing clear boundaries and spheres of influence.
Furthermore, the division also had geopolitical implications. By dividing the non-European world, Spain and Portugal hoped to secure their positions in international affairs, maintain their dominance over trade routes, and prevent other European powers from encroaching on their territories.