Phases of germination
The process of germination can be divided into several phases:
1. Imbibition: This is the first phase of germination where the seed takes up water from the environment. The water activates enzymes inside the seed and triggers metabolic processes.
2. Activation: In this phase, the seed starts to show visible signs of germination. The radicle, which will grow into the primary root, begins to emerge from the seed coat.
3. Seedling growth: During this phase, the shoot system starts to develop. The shoot emerges from the seed, and the cotyledon, a seed leaf, opens up and starts to photosynthesize. The primary root continues to grow and develops lateral roots.
4. Establishment: In this phase, the seedling develops its primary leaves and becomes fully established as an independent plant. It increases in size and develops a strong root system to obtain nutrients from the soil.
5. Vegetative growth: This phase is characterized by the rapid growth and development of the plant. The plant produces more leaves, stems, and roots. It focuses on increasing photosynthesis and energy storage to support future reproductive growth.
6. Reproductive growth: This phase marks the development of flowers and the production of seeds. The plant prepares for the transfer of genetic material to the next generation.
7. Senescence: Eventually, the plant enters the senescence phase where it starts to decline and age. Leaves may turn yellow and fall off, and the plant reduces its metabolic activity.
These phases may vary depending on the plant species and environmental conditions, but they generally represent the progression from seed to mature plant.