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Lewis and Clark’s group are shown standing on the edge of a Native American camp, about to shake hands with the Natives’ leader. Many other Natives are standing nearby.
Native American women are shown trading with two white men at a counter inside a trading post.
An infographic titled The War of 1812 lists information about the causes, the first declaration, and the combatants’ preparedness for war.
Feature
"The subject to be regulated is commerce, and . . . it becomes necessary to settle the meaning of the word. The counsel for the appellee [party appealing to a higher court] would limit it to traffic, to buying and selling, or the interchange of commodities, and do not admit that it comprehends [includes] navigation. . . . All America understands, and has uniformly understood, the word "commerce" to comprehend navigation. It was so understood, and must have been so understood, when the Constitution was framed. . . .
The word ‘among’ means intermingled with. A thing which is among others is intermingled with them. Commerce among the States cannot stop at the external boundary line of each State, but may be introduced into the interior.”
—Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the court, Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Question
Use the excerpt to answer the question.
Which of the following best summarizes this excerpt from John Marshall’s opinion?
(1 point)
Responses
The definition of commerce is differently interpreted by each state.
The definition of commerce is differently interpreted by each state.
The most important area involving commerce is in securing the national economy.
The most important area involving commerce is in securing the national economy.
The buying and selling of goods across state borders ought to fall under stricter laws.
The buying and selling of goods across state borders ought to fall under stricter laws.
The transportation and navigation of goods is part of the constitutional definition of commerce.
The transportation and navigation of goods is part of the constitutional definition of commerce.
How did the First Seminole War influence U.S. acquisition of Florida?
(1 point)
Responses
Key attacks on Spanish settlements gave the United States control over major cities in the territory.
Key attacks on Spanish settlements gave the United States control over major cities in the territory.
Battles forced Spain to relinquish control and give the territory to the United States.
Battles forced Spain to relinquish control and give the territory to the United States.
Seminole victories made it difficult for Spain to govern Native Americans.
Seminole victories made it difficult for Spain to govern Native Americans.
Spain realized it had little control over its land and agreed to sell it.
Spain realized it had little control over its land and agreed to sell it.
Battles forced Spain to relinquish control and give the territory to the United States.
Summarize the reasons why John Adams was not reelected as president in the election of 1800.
(4 points)
1) One of the main reasons why John Adams was not reelected as president in the election of 1800 was due to his controversial political decisions and policies. Adams's passage and enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which restricted the rights of immigrants and limited free speech, alienated many Americans and fueled opposition to his presidency.
2) Another factor that contributed to Adams's defeat was his strained relationship with his own political party, the Federalists. Adams's decision to pursue diplomacy with France, rather than engaging in war, went against the more aggressive stance advocated by some members of his party. This caused divisions within the Federalist Party and weakened his support among its members.
3) Additionally, Adams faced strong competition from his political rival, Thomas Jefferson, who was the Democratic-Republican candidate in the election. Jefferson, with his popular appeal and support from agrarian and southern voters, was able to successfully present himself as a champion of states' rights and personal liberties, contrasting with Adams's perceived centralizing and authoritarian tendencies.
4) Lastly, the electoral process at the time also played a role in Adams's loss. The election of 1800 was a highly contentious and complicated one, with the introduction of political parties and the formation of a system that awarded electoral votes for both president and vice-president. This resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, in the Electoral College, leading to a contingent election in the House of Representatives. The final outcome of this process resulted in Jefferson becoming president, while Adams lost the election.