Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals due to their superior mathematical efficiency and flexibility. Arabic numerals are a positional numbering system, where the value of a digit depends on its position in the number. They allow for complex arithmetic operations and make calculations significantly easier and more accurate compared to Roman numerals, which are non-positional and lack efficient arithmetic methods. The adoption of Arabic numerals in Europe during the Middle Ages also coincided with the introduction of the decimal system, making calculations and mathematical reasoning more straightforward. Additionally, the printing press played a significant role in popularizing the use of Arabic numerals as they could be easily reproduced compared to handwritten Roman numerals. Ultimately, the efficiency and ease of use of Arabic numerals led to their widespread adoption and the eventual replacement of Roman numerals in most practical applications.
