26) hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by the force of blood against the walls of the arteries being consistently too high. Normal blood pressure is typically around 120/80 mmHg, with the first number (systolic pressure) representing the pressure when the heart is contracting and the second number (diastolic pressure) representing the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.
Hypertension is generally considered a chronic condition and can lead to various complications if left untreated. These complications may include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and other cardiovascular problems.
There are two main types of hypertension: primary (essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension is the most common type and typically develops gradually over time with no identifiable cause. Secondary hypertension, on the other hand, is caused by an underlying medical condition such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or certain medications.
Risk factors for developing hypertension include age (older adults are more prone to high blood pressure), family history, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, a sedentary lifestyle, and certain underlying health conditions.
The diagnosis of hypertension is typically made by measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer. Lifestyle modifications are often recommended as an initial treatment for hypertension, including regular exercise, a healthy diet (low in sodium and high in fruits and vegetables), weight loss, and stress management.
If lifestyle changes alone are not sufficient in controlling blood pressure, medication may be prescribed. These medications may include diuretics (to reduce fluid volume), beta-blockers (to decrease heart rate and cardiac output), ACE inhibitors (to relax blood vessels), angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and others.
Regular monitoring and management of hypertension are crucial for preventing complications and maintaining overall health. It is important to work closely with a healthcare professional and follow their recommendations for controlling blood pressure.