What is Realism?
Realism can refer to various concepts depending on the context in which it's used, such as in philosophy, art, literature, or international relations. Below are several interpretations of realism:
1. Philosophy: Realism in philosophy asserts that reality exists independently of observers. It contrasts with idealism, which argues that reality is mentally constructed or otherwise immaterial. Philosophical realism holds that the objects of perception—trees, mountains, the sun—are real and exist without our perception or consciousness of them.
2. Art: In art, Realism is a movement that began in France in the 19th century. Artists sought to represent subjects truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative fiction and supernatural elements. Realist painters, such as Gustave Courbet, depicted everyday scenes and people, emphasizing the mundane or unvarnished aspects of life.
3. Literature: Realism in literature similarly seeks to represent life accurately without idealization or romantic subjectivity. Literary realists focus on the everyday lives of ordinary people and are meticulous about representing the details, language, and customs that are true to the time and place of the narrative.
4. International Relations: Realism is a theory of international relations that focuses on the concept of power politics. It holds that the international system is anarchic, and as such, states must primarily act in their self-interest to survive and maintain sovereignty. Realists believe that moral principles cannot be relied on in the conduct of international affairs and that the pursuit of power and national interest are the fundamental aspects of political life.
5. Science: Scientific realism is the view that the world described by science is real regardless of how it may be interpreted. Scientific realists believe that scientific theories are not just useful instruments for predicting phenomena but also give an accurate account of what the world is like.
Each of these interpretations of realism shares a common theme of attempting to depict or understand reality as it is, without embellishment or distortion.