John Ross was the most important Cherokee political leader of the nineteenth century1. He helped establish the Cherokee national government and served as the Cherokee Nation’s principal chief for almost 40 years12345. He led the Cherokees’ resistance against removal and their struggle to rebuild in the Indian Territory1345. Ross was the head of the largest branch
of the Cherokee tribe and played a vital role in negotiating with the United States government on behalf of his people1234. He is credited with being a skilled diplomat and politician, who worked tirelessly to protect Cherokee rights and sovereignty.
One of Ross's most significant achievements was his role in drafting the Cherokee Nation's constitution in 1827. This document established a formal government structure, including a chief executive and legislature, and provided a framework for the Cherokees' self-governance. Under Ross's leadership, the Cherokee Nation flourished and developed its own legal system, schools, and businesses.
However, Ross's most enduring legacy was his fierce opposition to the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This law, signed by President Andrew Jackson, forced Native American tribes, including the Cherokees, to relocate to lands west of the Mississippi River. Ross and his followers fought this unjust policy through legal means, taking their case all the way to the Supreme Court.
In the famous case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees, declaring that Georgia's efforts to enforce state laws on Cherokee lands were unconstitutional. Despite this landmark decision, President Jackson and his administration ignored the ruling and proceeded with the forced removal of the Cherokees, known as the Trail of Tears.
Ross tragically lost the battle against removal, and approximately 16,000 Cherokees were forcibly relocated, resulting in the deaths of thousands due to harsh conditions, disease, and lack of provisions. Despite this devastating setback, Ross continued to fight for his people's rights and worked tirelessly to rebuild their lives in the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).
Under Ross's leadership, the Cherokees rebuilt their nation, establishing schools, churches, and farms. Ross also played a crucial role in negotiating treaties with the United States government that allowed the Cherokees to retain some of their land and gain more autonomy.
John Ross's leadership and tireless advocacy for his people make him one of the most important figures in Cherokee history. His legacy continues to inspire and serve as a symbol of resilience and determination for the Cherokee people today.