A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can be turned into an oncogene due to genetic mutations or alterations. Proto-oncogenes play important roles in regulating cell growth, division, and differentiation. When these genes are altered or mutated, they can become oncogenes, which promote uncontrolled cell proliferation and contribute to the development of cancer. The transformation of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes can occur through various mechanisms, such as point mutations, gene amplification, chromosomal translocations, or changes in gene expression. Examples of proto-oncogenes include the HER2/neu gene, which is commonly amplified in breast cancer, and the RAS gene family, mutations of which are commonly found in various types of cancer.
