what was mexican american war's course of conflict
The Mexican-American War was a significant conflict between the United States and Mexico that took place from 1846 to 1848. Here is a general overview of the course of conflict:
1. Background: Tensions arose between the United States and Mexico over disputes regarding the borders of Texas, which had recently become an independent republic after breaking away from Mexico. The United States claimed that the border was at the Rio Grande, while Mexico argued it was at the Nueces River. The annexation of Texas by the United States further escalated tensions.
2. U.S. Invasion: In 1846, U.S. troops led by General Zachary Taylor crossed the Rio Grande into Mexican territory, sparking hostilities. U.S. forces quickly captured several key towns, including Matamoros and Monterrey.
3. Bear Flag Revolt: Simultaneously, the Bear Flag Revolt took place in California, where American settlers declared their independence from Mexico and established the short-lived Bear Flag Republic.
4. U.S. Victory in Northern Mexico: General Winfield Scott led a successful amphibious landing near Veracruz and captured the city after a lengthy siege. They then marched into Mexico City, defeating Mexican forces in several significant battles, including the Battle of Cerro Gordo and the Battle of Chapultepec.
5. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: As U.S. forces moved deeper into Mexican territory, it became clear to the Mexican government that defeat was inevitable. Negotiations took place, resulting in the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848. The treaty recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas and ceded a vast territory known as the Mexican Cession to the United States, including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. In return, the United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assume approximately $3 million in debts owed to U.S. citizens by Mexico.
Overall, the conflict resulted in a decisive victory for the United States, significantly expanding its territory and further exacerbating tensions between the North and South over the issue of slavery, as these acquired territories reignited debates over its expansion or restriction.