Raul has scraped his knee and noticed that after a week it had almost completely healed. Raul wondered how the skin was able to repair itself while looking exactly the same as his non-injured skin. In
3-5 sentences explain how mitosis plays a role in healing skin after injury and is able to maintain the look of the existing, non-injured skin. (4 points)
Mitosis is the process by which cells divide to produce new cells. In the case of healing skin, mitosis plays a crucial role in replacing the damaged cells with new cells. When the skin is injured, the cells near the wound start to divide through mitosis, ensuring that the damaged area is filled with new healthy cells. These new cells replicate and differentiate into the various types of skin cells, such as epidermal cells, which make up the outermost layer of the skin. The process of mitosis ensures that the new skin cells are identical to the existing, non-injured skin cells, thus maintaining the same appearance.
In three to five sentences, explain the advantage of keeping some DNA needed by mitochondria in the cell's nucleus and some in the mitochondria itself. (4 points)
Keeping some DNA needed by mitochondria in the cell's nucleus and some in the mitochondria itself provides several advantages. Firstly, having some mitochondrial DNA in the cell's nucleus allows for easier regulation and control of gene expression, as the nucleus has more sophisticated mechanisms for gene regulation. Secondly, having mitochondrial DNA within the mitochondria itself allows for quick and efficient replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA, as the needed enzymes and proteins are readily available. Lastly, having some mitochondrial DNA in the nucleus provides a backup in case of mitochondrial DNA damage, ensuring the continued function of the mitochondria.
In 3-5 sentences, construct a summary of the process of gene expression, starting with DNA and ending with proteins. (4 points)
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in DNA is utilized to produce proteins. It begins with the unwinding of the DNA double helix, exposing the gene of interest. The gene is then transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) through a process called transcription, which occurs in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it undergoes translation, a process in which the information in the mRNA is used to synthesize a specific protein. This synthesis occurs with the help of ribosomes and transfer RNA (tRNA), and the resulting protein folds into its functional three-dimensional structure.
Mitotic spindle
Nucleus
5
microtubules
Replicated chromosomes with sister chromatids
New nuclei forming
Chromosomes decondense
The cytoplasm divides, forming two new cells
CELL CYCLE
G2 Checkpoint
DNA duplication
Cell orowth
(approx.4 hours)
G2
M (approx. 1-2 hours)
Cellorowth
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
CYTOKINESIS
G1 Checkpoint
G,+S+G,= INTERPHASE
M= Mitosis
In three to five sentences, describe the advantages and disadvantages of these maps in margelingmitosis.