State four examples of first-generation computers 1940 to 1956
1. Harvard Mark I: Developed by IBM in collaboration with Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper, the Harvard Mark I was a large electromechanical computer that used punched cards for input and output. It was used for various scientific calculations during World War II.
2. ENIAC: Built at the University of Pennsylvania, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the first fully electronic general-purpose computer. It was designed to calculate artillery firing tables and made significant contributions to scientific research post-war.
3. UNIVAC I: Produced by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, the UNIVAC I was the first commercially available computer in the United States. It was used for a wide range of applications, including weather forecasting, scientific calculations, and business data processing.
4. EDSAC: Designed and constructed at the University of Cambridge in England, the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was one of the earliest stored-program computers. It was used for scientific research and became a model for subsequent computer designs.
Fill in the table on criteria used to classify computers by functionality
Functionality Categories | Criteria
--------------------- | --------
Supercomputers | Performance, processing power, specialized for complex calculations and simulations.
Mainframe Computers | Processing capacity, ability to handle multiple users and large-scale data processing.
Minicomputers | Size, affordability, capability to handle small to medium-sized tasks or serve as a departmental computer.
Microcomputers (Personal Computers) | Size, affordability, designed to be used by individuals for general-purpose computing tasks.
Workstations | Performance, specialized for tasks such as graphic design, engineering, and scientific computing.
Handheld Computers (Smartphones, Tablets) | Size, portability, designed for mobile use, touchscreen interface.
Embedded Systems | Integration, designed to be a part of larger systems or devices, dedicated for specific tasks such as in automobiles, medical equipment, or appliances.
Server Computers | Network capabilities, designed to manage and distribute resources to clients or users.
Cluster Computers | Scalability, combined processing power of multiple computers working together as a single system.
Gaming Computers | Graphics capabilities, designed for high-performance gaming with advanced graphics processing.
Portable Computers | Portability, lightweight and battery-powered for mobile use, such as laptops and notebooks.
Four examples of first-generation computers from 1940 to 1956 are:
1. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): Developed in the early 1940s by the United States Army, ENIAC was the world's first general-purpose electronic computer. It was used primarily for complex mathematical calculations.
2. UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I): Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in the early 1950s, UNIVAC I was the first computer to be produced in quantity and sold commercially. It was used for scientific and business applications.
3. EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator): Developed at the University of Cambridge in the late 1940s, EDSAC was the world's first practical stored-program computer. It was used for mathematical calculations and scientific research.
4. IBM 701: Released in 1952, IBM 701 was one of the first commercially available general-purpose computers. It was used in scientific research and business applications, such as accounting and inventory control.
To list four examples of first-generation computers from the period of 1940 to 1956, we need to consider the computers developed during that time. First-generation computers were characterized by their size, use of vacuum tubes, limited programming capabilities, and high power consumption. Here are four examples:
1. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): Developed between 1943 and 1945, ENIAC was one of the earliest general-purpose electronic computers. It was built for the U.S. Army to calculate artillery firing tables during World War II.
2. UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I): Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, UNIVAC I is considered to be the first commercially available computer. It was installed at the United States Census Bureau in 1951 and was used extensively for scientific calculations.
3. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer): Proposed by John von Neumann in the late 1940s, EDVAC was an improvement over ENIAC and was the first computer design to use stored program concept with von Neumann architecture.
4. EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator): Built at the University of Cambridge, UK, the EDSAC became operational in 1949. It was the first computer to be stored-program, and it paved the way for the development of subsequent computers.
To learn more about these computers and their specific features, you can search for each of them individually or explore online resources on the history of computing.