In three to five sentences, predict the bonding activity between phosphorous and chlorine. Why do you think they would bond that way?
Phosphorus and chlorine are likely to form a covalent bond, resulting in a molecule called phosphorus trichloride (PCl3). Phosphorus has five valence electrons and needs three more to complete its octet, while chlorine requires one electron to achieve its octet. By sharing three electrons with three chlorine atoms, phosphorus can fulfill its electron requirement, and the chlorine atoms achieve a stable configuration. This covalent bonding is thermodynamically favorable and satisfies the electron configuration needs of both elements.
When magnesium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid, it produces magnesium nitrate and water. Mg(OH)2+2HNO3→Mg(NO3)2+2H2O In one to two sentences, explain how this reaction demonstrates that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
This reaction demonstrates the law of conservation of mass as the total number of atoms on both sides remains the same, indicating that matter is not created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.
Methane (CH4) is a gas that is found in small quantities in Earth’s atmosphere. Which type of bonds does methane have, and why does one carbon atom bond with four hydrogen atoms? In three to five sentences, explain your answer in terms of valence electrons and electronegativity
Methane has covalent bonds. Carbon has four valence electrons while hydrogen has one, and both elements strive to achieve a stable electron configuration. Carbon, being in Group 14, requires four more electrons to complete its octet, while hydrogen needs only one more. Through sharing electron pairs between one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, both elements can fulfill their electron needs and achieve stable configurations. This type of bonding occurs due to the relatively similar electronegativity of carbon and hydrogen, allowing for the equal sharing of electrons.
When magnesium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid, it produces magnesium nitrate and water.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3 ---> Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2o
In one to two sentences, explain how this reaction demonstrates that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
This reaction demonstrates the law of conservation of mass, as the total number of atoms on both sides of the equation remains the same, indicating that matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.
Use the periodic table to complete the activity.
Methane (CH4) is a gas that is found in small quantities in Earth's atmosphere. Which type of bond with four hydrogen atoms? In three to five sentences, explain your answer in terms of valence electrons and electronegativity.
Methane (CH4) forms covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms. Carbon, in Group 14 of the periodic table, has four valence electrons and requires four additional electrons to complete its octet. Each hydrogen atom contributes one electron, allowing carbon to fulfill its electron requirement and achieve stability. Covalent bonding occurs as carbon and hydrogen share electron pairs through the overlap of their atomic orbitals. The relatively similar electronegativity values of carbon and hydrogen (2.55 and 2.20, respectively) facilitate the equal sharing of electrons, resulting in a stable methane molecule.
Cooking an egg is an endothermic process. It requires heat energy from the stove or another heat source to cook the egg. The egg absorbs heat energy, causing the proteins to denature and coagulate, resulting in a cooked egg. The absorption of heat energy indicates that this process is endothermic.
The formation of snow is an exothermic process. It occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and freezes into ice crystals. During this process, heat energy is released into the surrounding environment as the water vapor molecules slow down and bond together to form solid ice crystals. The release of heat energy indicates that this process is exothermic.