Part 2: Short Response (10 points)
Directions: Write a short response (2 paragraphs), in which you: 1) Contrast divided consciousness theory and the social influence theory of.hypnosis, and 2) Explain what circadian rhythm is and how it can affect sleep.
Divided consciousness theory and the social influence theory of hypnosis are two contrasting explanations for the phenomenon of hypnosis. According to divided consciousness theory, hypnosis is seen as a state where an individual's consciousness is split into different streams of awareness, with one part responding to the hypnotist's suggestions while another part remains aware of the surroundings. In this theory, hypnosis is believed to induce a dissociative state, similar to daydreaming or being absorbed in a book or movie.
On the other hand, the social influence theory proposes that hypnosis is not a unique state of consciousness but rather a result of social influence and expectations. According to this theory, individuals under hypnosis are highly motivated to comply with the hypnotist's suggestions due to factors like social pressure, conformity, and the desire to please the hypnotist. In essence, this theory suggests that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness that is closely related to social interaction and the power of suggestion.
Circadian rhythm refers to the internal biological clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle in individuals. It is a natural, 24-hour rhythmic pattern that influences various physiological processes, such as hormone production, body temperature, and alertness levels. The circadian rhythm is primarily influenced by light and darkness, with exposure to light suppressing the release of melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleep.
When our circadian rhythm is disrupted, it can affect our sleep patterns. For instance, jet lag or shift work can lead to misalignment between our internal clock and the external light-dark cycle, resulting in difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, or feeling properly rested. Additionally, disturbances in the circadian rhythm, such as those experienced by individuals with certain sleep disorders or those who frequently experience irregular sleep schedules, can lead to insomnia or excessive sleepiness. Therefore, understanding and maintaining a healthy circadian rhythm is crucial for ensuring optimal sleep quality.
Divided consciousness theory and social influence theory are two contrasting explanations of hypnosis. The divided consciousness theory suggests that during hypnosis, a person's consciousness is divided into two separate parts: one that remains aware of the surroundings and one that is more susceptible to suggestion. According to this theory, hypnosis involves shifting attention towards the suggestible part of consciousness, leading to increased responsiveness to instructions. This theory views hypnosis as a unique state of consciousness, where the individual possesses the ability to experience dissociation.
On the other hand, the social influence theory contends that hypnosis is not a distinct state, but rather a product of social compliance and suggestion. It suggests that people adopt the behaviors and beliefs associated with hypnosis due to social expectations and a desire to please the hypnotist. According to this theory, hypnosis is essentially a form of role-playing, where individuals willingly engage in suggested behaviors without being compelled by an altered state of consciousness.
Circadian rhythm refers to the 24-hour internal clock that regulates various bodily functions, including sleep, in response to light and darkness cues. It is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the hypothalamus, which reacts to light-sensitive cells in the retina. The circadian rhythm influences sleep patterns by coordinating the release of hormones, such as melatonin, which promote sleepiness in response to the absence of light.
Disruptions in circadian rhythm, such as shift work or jet lag, can lead to sleep difficulties. When the sleep-wake cycle is out of sync with the natural light-dark cycle, it can result in insomnia, excessive sleepiness, and difficulty maintaining alertness during the day. Light exposure at night, especially from electronic devices, can also disrupt the circadian rhythm by suppressing the release of melatonin, making it harder to fall asleep. Understanding the importance of circadian rhythm is crucial for maintaining healthy sleep habits and ensuring adequate rest.
Divided consciousness theory and the social influence theory are two contrasting explanations of hypnosis. Divided consciousness theory suggests that during hypnosis, our consciousness is split into two parts: one that is aware and responsive to the hypnotist's suggestions, and another that remains aware of our surroundings. According to this theory, hypnosis involves dissociation, where our attention becomes focused or narrowed, leading to an altered state of consciousness. Divided consciousness theory assumes that hypnosis is a unique state of heightened suggestibility.
On the other hand, the social influence theory proposes that hypnosis is not a distinct state of consciousness but rather a product of social influence and the subject's expectations. According to this theory, people may act hypnotized because they believe that is how they are supposed to behave in a hypnosis setting. Social influence theory places emphasis on the power of suggestion, conformity, and role-playing in hypnosis rather than on a unique altered state of consciousness.
Circadian rhythm refers to the internal biological clock that regulates our sleep-wake cycle and other important bodily functions throughout a 24-hour period. This rhythm is influenced by external cues such as light and darkness. Melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep, is produced in higher amounts at night and decreases during the day, playing a role in our sleep-wake patterns.
Disruptions in our circadian rhythm can affect our sleep. For instance, traveling across time zones can lead to jet lag, as our internal clock needs time to adjust to the new schedule. Shift work, where individuals have varying work hours, can also disrupt the circadian rhythm, making it difficult to maintain a consistent sleep schedule. Another common disruption is exposure to artificial light, particularly from electronic devices, before bedtime. The blue light emitted by these devices can suppress the release of melatonin, making it harder to fall asleep. Maintaining a regular sleep schedule and creating a sleep-friendly environment can help align our circadian rhythm and lead to better sleep quality.