independent variable and dependent variable of
Children who lived on the bottom floors (who were exposed to a high level of noise) did considerably worse on reading tests than children living on the upper floors (who were exposed to a much lower noise level).
The independent variable in this scenario is the floor level where the children lived. The dependent variable is the performance on reading tests.
The independent variable in this scenario is the floor level in which the children lived. The researcher manipulated this variable by categorizing the children into two groups: those living on the bottom floors and those living on the upper floors.
The dependent variable in this scenario is the reading test performance of the children. The researcher measured this variable to determine the impact of noise exposure on reading ability. The researcher observed that children living on the bottom floors (exposed to high noise levels) performed considerably worse on reading tests compared to children living on the upper floors (exposed to lower noise levels).
In this scenario, the independent variable is the floor level where the children lived, specifically whether they lived on the bottom floors or the upper floors. The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher, and in this case, the researcher is examining the effect of different noise levels on the reading test scores.
The dependent variable is the reading test performance of the children. It is the variable that is being measured or observed as the outcome or result of the independent variable. In this case, the researcher is interested in seeing how the spatial location (bottom floors vs. upper floors) affects the reading test scores of the children.
To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables, the researcher would need to conduct an experimental study in which they randomly assign children to either the bottom or upper floors, control for potential confounding factors, and then measure their reading test scores. This would allow them to determine whether the difference in noise levels (independent variable) has a direct impact on the reading test performance (dependent variable) of the children.