What is differential theory? How do family and friends fit into this theory?
Differential theory, also known as Differential Association Theory, is a sociological criminology theory proposed by Edwin Sutherland in 1939. It suggests that individuals learn deviant behavior through their interactions with others, particularly through individuals within their family and peer groups.
According to differential theory, family and friends play a significant role in shaping an individual's behavior and attitudes. They serve as primary sources of socialization and influence. The theory states that if an individual associates with individuals who engage in deviant behavior (such as criminal activities), they are more likely to adopt those behaviors themselves. Conversely, if an individual is surrounded by individuals who adhere to conventional norms and values, they are more likely to conform to societal expectations.
Family, being the first and most intimate social group an individual encounters, has a profound impact on their development. Parents and siblings can directly influence an individual's behavior through their behavior, attitudes, and values. If family members engage in criminal activities or support deviant behaviors, the individual is more likely to adopt those behaviors as well. On the other hand, if family members provide a supportive and law-abiding environment, it can contribute to the individual's adherence to societal norms.
Friends and peer groups also play a vital role in shaping an individual's behavior. These social circles expose individuals to new ideas, perspectives, and behaviors. If a person's friends engage in criminal activities, use drugs, or display deviant behavior, they may influence the individual to behave similarly. Conversely, if friends uphold conventional values and discourage deviant behavior, the individual is more likely to conform to societal norms.
In summary, differential theory suggests that family and friends play a central role in shaping an individual's behavior by either promoting or deterring deviant activities. These social relationships and interactions heavily influence an individual's likelihood of engaging in criminal or deviant behavior.
Differential theory, also known as Differential Association Theory, is a sociological perspective on deviance developed by Edwin Sutherland. It suggests that people engage in deviant behavior when they are exposed to more favorable attitudes and definitions towards deviance than conformity.
According to differential theory, the primary influence on an individual's deviant behavior comes from their associations and interactions with others. Family and friends play a significant role in this theory. Here's how they fit into it:
1. Family: The family is often the most influential agent of socialization for individuals. Differential theory suggests that if an individual's family members engage in deviant behavior and provide favorable attitudes towards it, they are more likely to internalize these beliefs and engage in deviance themselves. For example, if a person grows up in a household where illegal activities are normalized and accepted, they may be more prone to engage in such behavior.
2. Friends: Peer groups and friendships influence an individual's behavior and attitudes. Differential theory suggests that if an individual's friends engage in deviant behavior and reinforce positive attitudes towards it, the individual is more likely to adopt similar behaviors. This could be seen in situations where peer pressure leads someone to participate in delinquent activities such as drug use or vandalism.
In summary, differential theory emphasizes the influence of family and friends on an individual's engagement in deviant behavior. If these social groups provide positive attitudes and definitions towards deviance, individuals are more likely to adopt and engage in such behavior.
Differential theory, also known as differential psychology or differential psychology theory, is a branch of psychology that focuses on understanding and explaining individual differences in various psychological traits, abilities, and behaviors. It seeks to identify and analyze the factors that contribute to these differences among individuals.
In the context of differential theory, family and friends play significant roles in shaping individuals and influencing their psychological development. There are several ways family and friends fit into this theory:
1. Family environment: The family is typically the first social system in which an individual is embedded, and it has a profound impact on their psychological development. Factors such as parenting style, family dynamics, socioeconomic status, and cultural background can significantly influence an individual's personality traits, values, attitudes, and overall psychological well-being.
2. Socialization: Family and friends serve as important agents of socialization, transmitting social norms, values, and behaviors that shape an individual's personality and abilities. Through interactions with parents, siblings, and other family members, as well as friends, individuals can acquire various skills, social behaviors, and cognitive abilities.
3. Social support: Family and friends provide social support, which is crucial for an individual's well-being and resilience. Social support can take various forms, such as emotional support, instrumental support (e.g., assistance with tasks), informational support (e.g., advice), and companionship. The presence of supportive family members and friends can positively influence an individual's mental health, self-esteem, and coping abilities.
4. Peer influence: Friends, especially during adolescence and early adulthood, have a significant impact on an individual's thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors. Peer groups can shape an individual's interests, social behaviors, motivations, and even academic performance. This influence can be positive or negative, depending on the nature of friendships and the values promoted within peer groups.
To understand the specific ways in which family and friends fit into differential theory, researchers employ various methods such as behavioral observations, self-report measures, interviews, and longitudinal studies. By examining the relationships between individual differences and the social contexts in which they develop, differential theory aims to provide insights into how family and friends contribute to psychological diversity and its impact on human lives.