Use the table to answer the question. The Greek City-States Social Structure Upper class: aristoi Wealthy citizens Owned agricultural land and equipment Held positions in government Middle class: artisans Skilled craftsmen Provided specialized goods and services Granted citizenship and voting rights Lower class: perioikoi Owned less-valuable land Granted citizenship and voting rights Agricultural workers outside the city Varied among polis Women Unable to vote Unable to own land Did not have the same rights and privileges as men Rights varied by polis Laborers and enslaved people Unable to vote Unable to own lan Relied on their employer Had no legal rights Provided agricultural services Foreign citizens Not granted full rights Not granted full citizenship Could achieve citizenship based on resources Examine the social classes of the ancient Greek poleis. In 3–5 sentences, discuss the differences among the social classes.
In ancient Greek poleis, there were distinct differences among the social classes. The upper class, known as the aristoi, possessed great wealth and owned agricultural land and equipment. They also held positions in the government. The middle class consisted of skilled craftsmen known as artisans who provided specialized goods and services. They were granted citizenship and voting rights. The lower class, called perioikoi, owned less valuable land and worked as agricultural laborers outside the city. They were also granted citizenship and voting rights. Women had limited rights and privileges, unable to vote or own land, while laborers and enslaved people had no legal rights and were dependent on their employers. Foreign citizens were not granted full rights or full citizenship, but could achieve citizenship based on their resources.
In 3–5 sentences, analyze how a contribution made to math or science by a Greek scholar is still significant today.
One significant contribution made to math and science by a Greek scholar that is still significant today is the work of Euclid in geometry. Euclid's Elements, a systematic compilation of geometric propositions and proofs, laid the foundation for the study of geometry for centuries to come. His axiomatic approach and logical reasoning are still utilized in modern geometry and mathematics education. Euclid's work has had a tremendous influence on the development of mathematics as a rigorous and deductive field of study, providing a framework for the understanding and application of geometric principles.
Answer the following question in 3–5 sentences. Why was the development and spread of Christianity relatively slow in the Roman Empire?
The development and spread of Christianity were relatively slow in the Roman Empire due to several factors. Firstly, Christianity was a relatively new and unfamiliar belief system in a society that was deeply rooted in polytheistic religions. The exclusive monotheistic nature of Christianity also posed a challenge to the polytheistic Romans. Additionally, Christians were often persecuted and faced hostility from the Roman authorities, which hindered the growth of the religion. It was only after the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, which granted tolerance to Christianity, that the religion began to gain more widespread acceptance and eventually became the official religion of the Empire.
In 3–5 sentences, compare the motivations for territorial expansion between the Roman Empire under Trajan and the Byzantine Empire under Justinian I.
Both the Roman Empire under Trajan and the Byzantine Empire under Justinian I had motivations for territorial expansion, but with some key differences. Trajan, as a Roman emperor, sought to expand the empire's territory for military glory and to secure resources, particularly in the eastern Mediterranean region. His conquests aimed to establish Roman control and strengthen the empire's dominion. In contrast, Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire aimed to restore the former Roman Empire's territories and reunify the Mediterranean under Byzantine rule. His motivations were driven by a desire for political and cultural resurgence and to reclaim territories that had been lost to invaders.
In 1–2 sentences, compare the motivations and conquests of the Ottoman Empire and the Umayyad dynasty.
The Ottoman Empire had motivations for territorial expansion driven by a desire for political and economic dominance, as well as the spread of Islam, while the Umayyad dynasty sought to expand the Islamic empire and establish a political and religious caliphate.
“In the two centuries following Muhammad’s death, the relationship between religious and secular authorities changed substantially.” In 1–2 sentences, develop a logical argument in support of this statement.
