1. Even though you have seen the basics of organic nomenclature, there are other groups that
are quite common. Give the general formula for the following:
a. nitrile group (draw its basic structure showing the triple bond)
b. anhydride group (draw its basic structure showing the double bonds)
c. amino acid group
d. thiol group
a. The general formula for the nitrile group is RC≡N, where R represents any alkyl or aryl group.
b. The general formula for the anhydride group is (RCO)2O, where R represents any alkyl or aryl group.
c. The general formula for the amino acid group is NH2-CHR-COOH, where CHR represents a variable carbon chain.
d. The general formula for the thiol group is R-SH, where R represents any alkyl or aryl group.
a. The general formula for the nitrile group is R-C≡N, where R represents any alkyl or aryl group. The basic structure of the nitrile group consists of a carbon atom bonded to a nitrogen atom by a triple bond, with the other two valencies of the carbon atom being occupied by other groups or atoms.
b. The general formula for the anhydride group can be represented as (RCO)2O. The basic structure of the anhydride group consists of two carbonyl groups (C=O) connected to an oxygen atom, which is double-bonded to one of the carbon atoms.
c. The amino acid group refers to the structural unit found in amino acids. It consists of a central carbon atom (called the α-carbon) bonded to an amino group ( -NH2), a carboxyl group ( -COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (denoted as R).
d. The thiol group has the general formula R-SH, where R denotes an alkyl or aryl group. The basic structure of the thiol group consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, with the other valency of the sulfur atom being occupied by an alkyl or aryl group.
To give the general formulas for these groups, we first need to understand the basic structures of each group.
a. Nitrile group:
The nitrile group contains a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. The general formula for the nitrile group is R-C≡N, where R represents any alkyl or aryl group.
b. Anhydride group:
The anhydride group consists of two carbonyl groups (C=O) bonded to the same oxygen atom. The general formula for the anhydride group is R1-CO-O-CO-R2, where R1 and R2 represent any alkyl or aryl groups.
c. Amino acid group:
The amino acid group is a combination of both an amino group (NH₂) and a carboxyl group (COOH) attached to the same carbon atom. The general formula for an amino acid is H2N-CHR-COOH, where R represents any alkyl or aryl group.
d. Thiol group:
The thiol group consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and an alkyl or aryl group. The general formula for the thiol group is R-SH, where R represents any alkyl or aryl group.
To draw the basic structures of these groups, you can use chemistry drawing software or online tools. These tools allow you to depict the atoms and bonds accurately.