The correct answer is a) Increased vulnerability. The vicious cycle of malnutrition and HIV refers to a situation where malnutrition and HIV/AIDS interact and worsen each other's effects. Malnutrition weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to HIV infection and more likely to progress to AIDS. Conversely, HIV infection impairs nutrient absorption and metabolism, leading to malnutrition and further weakening the immune system. This cycle of malnutrition and HIV can perpetuate and exacerbate the health outcomes of individuals affected by both conditions.
