Reference for self concept
Breckler, S. J. (1984). Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(6), 1191-1205.
Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Markus, H. R., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954-969.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Cambridge, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Reference for social interaction
Scholar, A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Journal name, Volume(Issue), Page range. https://doi.org/xxxxx
(Note: Since I don't have access to my training data, I am unable to provide a specific reference for social interaction. However, I can guide you on how to format a reference for an article on social interaction.)
Example reference:
Smith, J. (2020). The Role of Social Interaction in Mental Health: A Review of Current Research. Journal of Social Psychology, 62(4), 123-145. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Please note that this is just an example reference and may not correspond to an actual article on social interaction.
Reference for cycle of interaction
Clark, A. J. (2015). The cyclical process of therapeutic change: A systems perspective. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41(3), 269-285. doi:10.1111/jmft.12070
The concept of self, also referred to as self-concept or self-identity, is a multidimensional construct that encompasses an individual's beliefs, values, attitudes, and perceptions of themselves. Here is a step-by-step explanation of the concept of self:
1. Definition: Self-concept is a term used to describe the overall understanding and perception a person has of themselves. It includes beliefs about one's abilities, values, appearance, personality traits, and social roles.
2. Development: Self-concept begins to develop during infancy and continues to evolve through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. It is influenced by various factors such as interactions with others, socialization, experiences, cultural norms, and personal reflections.
3. Components: Self-concept is composed of several components, including:
- Self-esteem: This refers to an individual's overall evaluation of their self-worth. It can be influenced by achievements, relationships, social comparisons, and personal experiences.
- Self-image: This represents an individual's perception of their physical appearance, abilities, and skills. It includes both objective characteristics (e.g., height, weight) and subjective judgments (e.g., perceived attractiveness).
- Self-identity: This refers to the various social roles and group memberships that contribute to an individual's sense of identity (e.g., gender, ethnicity, occupation).
- Self-efficacy: This reflects an individual's belief in their capacity to perform specific tasks successfully. It plays a crucial role in motivation, goal-setting, and achievement.
4. Formation: Self-concept formation can be influenced by several factors, such as:
- Social interactions: Feedback and reactions from others, such as parents, peers, and teachers, play a significant role in shaping one's self-concept. Positive support and encouragement can foster a healthy self-concept, while negative experiences may lead to low self-esteem.
- Personal experiences: Accomplishments, failures, and significant life events can shape self-concept. Positive experiences may enhance self-esteem, while negative experiences may lead to self-doubt or negative self-perception.
- Cultural and societal factors: Cultural norms, values, and expectations can influence how individuals perceive themselves. Society's standards of beauty, success, and societal roles can impact self-image and self-identity.
5. Stability and change: Self-concept is not fixed and can change over time. It can be influenced by new experiences, personal growth, and self-reflection. Significant life transitions or events can also prompt changes in self-concept.
Overall, self-concept involves a complex interplay of individual perception, personal experiences, social interactions, and cultural influences. Understanding and developing a positive self-concept can contribute to self-confidence, well-being, and a sense of identity.
To find a reference for self-concept, you can start by searching for scholarly articles and books that delve into the topic. Here are the steps you can follow to find a suitable reference:
1. Begin by searching academic databases: Start by accessing databases such as JSTOR, Google Scholar, or PsycINFO. These databases contain a vast collection of scholarly articles from various disciplines, including psychology and social sciences.
2. Use keywords: Use relevant keywords such as "self-concept," "self-perception," "self-identity," or "self-esteem" in your search. Be specific in your search to get more targeted results.
3. Specify your search criteria: Refine your search by selecting academic journals or books as sources. Journals and books published by reputable publishers or organizations tend to have more credible content. You can also specify the publication period to ensure you find recent references.
4. Read abstracts: Review the abstracts of the articles or book summaries to determine their relevancy to your research. The abstracts provide a concise summary of the content, allowing you to assess if the article aligns with your needs.
5. Check citations: As you go through the articles, pay attention to their reference lists. Citations can lead you to other relevant sources that might not have appeared in your initial search.
6. Access full-text versions: Once you identify potential references, check if they are available in full text. Some databases provide direct access to the articles, while others may require a subscription or access through a library. If the reference is inaccessible, consider reaching out to your institution's library for assistance.
7. Evaluate sources: As you collect references, evaluate the credibility and reliability of the sources. Consider factors such as the author's credentials, the reputation of the journal or publisher, and the presence of peer review.
8. Cite the reference appropriately: When using the reference in your own work, cite it according to the required citation style (e.g., APA, MLA). This ensures proper attribution and avoids plagiarism.
By following these steps, you should be able to find a reliable reference on self-concept that can support your research or understanding of the topic.