What morphological adaptations do plants use to protect
themselves against insect herbivory? (3)
1) Thorns or spines: Some plants have developed sharp, pointed structures such as thorns or spines, which can deter herbivorous insects from feeding on them. These structures act as physical barriers, making it difficult for insects to reach and consume the plant's tissues.
2) Trichomes: Many plants have dense coverings of small, hair-like structures called trichomes on their leaves, stems, or other plant parts. Trichomes can form a physical barrier that insect herbivores must navigate through in order to feed on the plant. Some trichomes can also contain toxic chemicals or produce sticky substances that can entrap or repel insects.
3) Tough or fibrous tissues: Some plants have developed tough or fibrous tissues in their leaves, stems, or other plant parts, which can make it difficult for insects to chew or consume them. These plant tissues have high levels of structural compounds such as lignin or cellulose, which provide strength and resistance against herbivory.
Plants have developed several morphological adaptations to protect themselves against insect herbivory. Here are three such adaptations:
1. Trichomes: Plants can have dense, hair-like structures called trichomes on their leaves, stems, and other parts. Trichomes can deter herbivorous insects in multiple ways. They can physically hinder insects from reaching the plant's surface or penetrating their tissues. Trichomes can also produce toxic or sticky substances that deter or trap insects, making it difficult for them to feed on the plant.
2. Thorns and spines: Some plants have evolved thorns or spines on their stems or leaves as a defense mechanism against herbivores. These sharp and pointed structures discourage browsing animals or insects from feeding on the plants. They can cause discomfort or injury to herbivores, deterring them from consuming the plant's tissues.
3. Tough or waxy leaf surfaces: Plants can develop tough or waxy leaf surfaces as a defense against insect herbivory. The toughness of the leaves makes it difficult for insects to chew or penetrate the plant's tissues. Additionally, waxy leaf surfaces can make it harder for insects to grip onto the plant, reducing their feeding efficiency. Some plants also produce waxes or oils on their leaf surfaces that are toxic or repellant to herbivorous insects.