Discribe the following terms
Hypogeal germination
Epigeal germination
Meosis
Mitosis
Hypogeal germination: Hypogeal germination refers to the type of germination in plants where the cotyledons (seed leaves) remain below the surface of the soil. In this process, the epicotyl (the portion of the embryo above the cotyledon) elongates and emerges above the soil surface, while the cotyledons remain underground. The cotyledons eventually shrivel and fall off, while the plant continues to grow and develop from the epicotyl.
Epigeal germination: Epigeal germination is the opposite of hypogeal germination. It is a type of germination in plants where the cotyledons emerge above the soil surface during seed germination. In this process, after the seed germinates, the epicotyl elongates and pushes the cotyledons above the soil. The cotyledons turn green and start functioning as the source of energy and nutrition for the young plant.
Meiosis: Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms to produce gametes (sex cells). It involves two rounds of division, resulting in the production of four daughter cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes compared to the parent cell. Meiosis is important for genetic diversity, as it introduces new combinations of genetic material through genetic recombination.
Mitosis: Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in all eukaryotic organisms to facilitate growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. It involves a single round of division, resulting in the production of two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis ensures the proper distribution of genetic material, allowing each daughter cell to receive an identical copy of the genetic material present in the parent cell.
1. Hypogeal Germination:
Hypogeal germination refers to a type of seed germination in plants where the cotyledons (seed leaves) remain below the soil surface after germination. During hypogeal germination, the embryonic shoot (plumule) elongates and pushes the soil surface without emerging entirely. The cotyledons stay within the seed coat, absorbing food reserves until they wither and fall off. The first foliage leaves appear after the cotyledons have completed their function.
2. Epigeal Germination:
Epigeal germination, on the other hand, is another type of seed germination in which the cotyledons emerge above the soil surface after germination. During epigeal germination, the embryonic shoot elongates, and the cotyledons are carried above the ground. The cotyledons then turn green, becoming the first leaves of the plant. In this type of germination, the cotyledons play a significant role in photosynthesis until the true leaves appear.
3. Meiosis:
Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. It is the process where a diploid (2n) cell divides into four haploid (n) cells called gametes. The primary purpose of meiosis is to ensure genetic diversity by creating new combinations of genes during reproduction. Meiosis involves two rounds of division, known as meiosis I and meiosis II, resulting in the formation of four genetically distinct cells.
4. Mitosis:
Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. It is the process through which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is responsible for various functions, including growth, repair, and tissue renewal. It consists of four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the replicated genetic material is equally distributed, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells with identical chromosomes.