Cellular reparation produces
Cellular reparation produces the repair and restoration of damaged or malfunctioning cells in the body. This process involves the activation of various cellular pathways and mechanisms that work together to fix any cellular damage or dysfunction. Cellular reparation can occur naturally within the body, but may also be prompted or augmented by medical interventions or therapies. The goal of cellular reparation is to ensure proper cellular function and maintain overall health and well-being.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down organic molecules to release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation.
1. Glycolysis: This is the first step of cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. In glycolysis, one glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. This process requires the input of two ATP molecules but produces four ATP molecules, resulting in a net gain of two ATP. It also produces two molecules of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which carry high-energy electrons to the next stage.
2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): The second stage of cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. Each of the two molecules of pyruvate produced in glycolysis enters the mitochondria and undergoes a series of reactions to generate ATP. First, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. In the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA is further broken down, releasing carbon dioxide and transferring high-energy electrons to NADH and FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide). The cycle also produces one ATP molecule, which is formed through a process called substrate-level phosphorylation.
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation: The final stage of cellular respiration occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The high-energy electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 from the previous stages are transferred to the electron transport chain. This chain is composed of a series of protein complexes that pass the electrons down the chain, releasing energy. The energy released is used to pump protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis through the enzyme ATP synthase. As the protons flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is phosphorylated to form ATP. This is called oxidative phosphorylation because it is driven by the oxidation of NADH and FADH2.
Overall, cellular respiration produces ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. The ATP produced is the main energy currency of the cell and is used for various cellular processes.