Trephining is the term used to explain how, seven thousand years ago,

ancient civilizations performed a primitive surgical procedure to drill a hole in a person's skull. This procedure, also known as trepanation, was believed to release evil spirits or relieve pressure on the brain. Trephining was performed for various reasons, including treating headaches, mental disorders, and epilepsy. The process involved using crude tools made of stone or metal to bore a hole in the skull, sometimes leaving a piece of the bone out to create a "window." It is believed that the survival rate for trephined individuals was relatively high, indicating that this procedure may have had some effectiveness. However, the exact reasons for performing trephining and its overall success are still a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists.

ancient civilizations used to practice a surgical procedure known as trepanation or trephination. This procedure involved drilling or cutting a hole in the skull of a patient. It was believed to alleviate a variety of medical conditions, including headaches, epilepsy, mental disorders, and even some mystical or supernatural afflictions. Trephination was practiced in different parts of the world, including Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient China, and the Inca civilization in South America. However, the exact reasons for performing trephination and the methods used varied across cultures and time periods.