which of the following shows the ways river valley civilizations built on Neolithic technology?
- Agriculture: River valley civilizations, such as the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Indus Valley inhabitants, built on the Neolithic technology of cultivating crops. They developed advanced irrigation systems, such as canals and dikes, to control water flow and successfully grow crops on a larger scale.
- Domestication of animals: Neolithic technology laid the foundation for the domestication of animals, and river valley civilizations continued this practice. They utilized animals for various purposes like transportation, agricultural work, and as a source of food, wool, and milk.
- Pottery: Neolithic technology introduced the art of pottery-making, and river valley civilizations perfected this skill. They crafted pottery for storage, cooking, and trading purposes, and the development of their pottery skills helped in the advancement of their society.
- Toolmaking: The Neolithic period witnessed the development of advanced tools made of stone, such as axes, hammers, and blades. River valley civilizations continued to refine these tools and even introduced tools made of copper and bronze (during the transition to the Bronze Age) for better efficiency in agriculture, construction, and warfare.
- Trade and commerce: Neolithic technology allowed for the production of surplus goods. River valley civilizations utilized their advanced agricultural techniques to produce excess crops and other products, which they then traded with neighboring regions. This facilitated the growth of trade networks, fostering social and economic development.
- Architectural advancements: River valley civilizations built on Neolithic technology to construct monumental structures, such as ziggurats in Mesopotamia, pyramids in Egypt, and cities planned on grid-like layouts in the Indus Valley. These architectural marvels showcased their ability to utilize advanced construction techniques and engineering skills.
Overall, river valley civilizations built on the foundations laid by Neolithic technology and expanded and refined various aspects of their civilization to create a more complex and sophisticated society.
The ways in which river valley civilizations built on Neolithic technology can be attributed to several factors. These civilizations emerged in river valleys, primarily due to the benefits provided by the fertile soil and abundant water supply. Here are the ways in which they built upon Neolithic technology:
1. Agriculture: One significant development was the transition from hunting and gathering to an agricultural lifestyle. Neolithic technology, such as the use of stone tools, allowed these civilizations to cultivate crops like wheat, barley, rice, and maize. This shift in food production enabled settled communities to emerge, leading to the development of complex societies.
2. Irrigation: Neolithic civilizations utilized irrigation techniques to harness the water resources of the river valleys effectively. Systems like canals, ditches, and damming were utilized to control water flow and distribute it to their fields. This method ensured a stable and predictable water supply, improving agricultural output.
3. Domestication of animals: Neolithic technology also facilitated the domestication of animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. These animals were crucial for food production, transportation, and various other aspects of daily life. Domesticated animals provided a sustainable source of meat, milk, and wool, and their use significantly influenced the development of these civilizations.
4. Specialization of labor: The advancement of Neolithic technology allowed for surplus food production, which led to specialization of labor. As farming techniques improved, not everyone had to engage in agriculture. This gave rise to specialized occupations like craftsmen, traders, priests, and government officials. Specialization of labor led to the growth of urban centers and the establishment of social hierarchies.
5. Architectural advancements: Neolithic technology advancements also contributed to the construction of more sophisticated buildings and structures. For example, the use of more advanced tools, such as metal tools, enabled the construction of monumental structures like temples, palaces, and tombs. These architectural achievements highlighted the development and wealth of the river valley civilizations.
In summary, the ways in which river valley civilizations built on Neolithic technology include the adoption of agriculture, the utilization of irrigation systems, the domestication of animals, the specialization of labor, and advancements in architecture.