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The purpose of this investigation is to gather secondary evidence regarding the effects of government disease management strategies, in accordance with a vaccination program, on the incidence of measles infection. The chosen claim to investigate is that “Government disease management strategies are critical for controlling the spread of disease.”
Measles is a contagious viral infection that mainly affects children. It is caused by a virus from the paramyxovirus family and spreads through airborne and direct contact. The symptoms appear 14 days after exposure and include a rash, high fever, cough, runny nose, and watery eyes (WHO, 2023). Vaccination involves introducing a vaccine into the body to provide protection against a specific disease. In this case, the vaccine against measles contains antigens, which are substances that produce an immune response from white blood cells, specifically B-cells (Greenwood, T., Pryor, K., Bainbridge- smith, L., 2018). This helps the body distinguish its own tissues from foreign materials such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins, and prevents them from attacking the body itself (Dutta, 2020). The type of vaccine used for measles is a formulation that elicits an immune response, consisting of two pragmatically scheduled vaccination: “measles-‐containing vaccine dose 1” and “measles-‐containing vaccine dose 2” (WHO, 2009).
Measles can be prevented with the MMR vaccine, which is a live, attenuated vaccine that provides protection from measles, mumps, and rubella. Two doses are 97% effective against measles, and they are given at 12 months and 18 months after the baby is born (CDC, 2021). When injected into the body, it simulates the immune system's ability to recognise foreign antigens and produce antibodies. The live virus does not trigger a live infection as it contains a weakened variant of measles that is still recognised by the immune system (Government of Canada, 2019).
To raise public awareness, the World government has implemented vaccination programs as a crucial measure for limiting the spread of measles. The program prioritises detailed monitoring of measles cases, and educating communities about the significance of vaccination. The worldwide government provides certain incentives for childhood measles vaccination. For example, the Australian government's current policy withholds financial benefits like childcare and school registration from children who do not receive the recommended vaccinations (Australian Government, 2023).
The basis for government enforcement of vaccination to maintain herd immunity. Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a community becomes immune to the disease, limiting transmission of the virus to vulnerable members of the population, such as immunocompromised people. This proportion varies for each disease, and for infectious diseases like measles, the herd immunity rate is 95% of the population (Pruthi.S, 2022). For instance, herd immunity against ongoing pandemic diseases (COVID-19) is projected to be between 55% and 82%, and the rate has been impacted by a record-high vaccination refusal rate of more than 10-15% in Australia (AJGP, 2023).
Despite the availability of vaccines and the potential to prevent it through vaccination, the measles resurgence has been linked to vaccine hesitancy (CDC, 2022). This is due to the globalisation of information, and the consequent spread of false beliefs and misinformation from Dr. Andrew Wakefield, who falsely misconstrued a link between vaccines and the cause of autism (CHP, 2014). These beliefs lead to a refusal to vaccinate children, which ultimately decreases the vaccination rate, contributing to outbreaks and a reduction in herd immunity (Shen, S. and Dubey, V., 2019).