1. Differentiate biological vector from mechanical vector.
2. Mention two parasitic diseases transmitted by mosquitoes.
3. Explain the genetic method of control mosquitoes as disease vectors.
4. Mention any two mechanical vectors.
5. Explain how Entamoeba histolytica would cause lysis of the host cells?
6. Define giardiasis?
7. Mention three types of Leishmaniasis.
8. What specimen is recommended for detection of babesia trophozoites and merozoites?
9. Which parasitic disease has symptoms similar with that of malaria and is commonly
misdiagnosed for malaria disease?
10. Mention any three species of malaria parasites.
11. Give a plasmodium species responsible for malaria relapses.
12. What is the sexual form of plasmodium species responsible for malaria
relapses?
1. Differentiate biological vector from mechanical vector.
2. Mention two parasitic diseases transmitted by mosquitoes.
3. Explain the genetic method of control mosquitoes as disease vectors.
4. Mention any two mechanical vectors.
5. Explain how Entamoeba histolytica would cause lysis of the host cells?
6. Define giardiasis?
7. Mention three types of Leishmaniasis.
8. What specimen is recommended for detection of babesia trophozoites and merozoites?
9. Which parasitic disease has symptoms similar with that of malaria and is commonly
misdiagnosed for malaria disease?
10. Mention any three species of malaria parasites.
11. Give a plasmodium species responsible for malaria relapses.
12. What is the sexual form of plasmodium species responsible for malaria
relapses?
1. Biological vector: A biological vector is an organism that is actively involved in the transmission of a pathogen from an infected individual to a susceptible individual. The pathogen typically undergoes some form of development or replication within the vector before it can be transmitted to a new host.
Mechanical vector: A mechanical vector is an organism that passively carries a pathogen on its body or in its gut without any developmental or replicative changes occurring within the vector. The pathogen is simply transported from one host to another through physical contact.
2. Two parasitic diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are malaria and dengue fever.
3. The genetic method of controlling mosquitoes as disease vectors involves the modification of the mosquito's genetic traits to reduce its ability to transmit diseases. This can be achieved through techniques such as genetic engineering, where genes responsible for pathogen transmission are modified or replaced with non-functional genes. This can potentially reduce the ability of the mosquitoes to transmit diseases like malaria or dengue fever.
4. Two examples of mechanical vectors are houseflies and cockroaches. They can mechanically carry pathogens like bacteria or viruses on their limbs, bodies, or mouthparts and transmit them to food, surfaces, or directly to humans.
5. Entamoeba histolytica causes lysis of host cells through a combination of mechanisms. It adheres to the intestinal lining and secretes enzymes that can degrade host tissues. It also produces toxins that cause host cell death and inflammation, leading to tissue damage and lysis.
6. Giardiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. It infects the small intestine and can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
7. The three types of Leishmaniasis are visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar), cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.
8. Blood smears are recommended for the detection of babesia trophozoites and merozoites.
9. Babesiosis is a parasitic disease that has symptoms similar to malaria and is commonly misdiagnosed as malaria. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Babesia and is transmitted through tick bites.
10. Three species of malaria parasites are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium malariae.
11. Plasmodium vivax is a species of Plasmodium responsible for malaria relapses. It can form dormant liver stages called hypnozoites, which can reactivate and cause the recurrence of symptoms months or even years after the initial infection.
12. The sexual form of Plasmodium species responsible for malaria is called the gametocyte. It is the stage in which the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction within the mosquito host, allowing it to be transmitted to another host during a blood meal.
1. Biological vectors are organisms that can transmit pathogens (such as bacteria or viruses) from one host to another. They are usually involved in the life cycle of the pathogen, as the pathogen reproduces or develops within them. Examples of biological vectors include mosquitoes carrying the malaria parasite or ticks carrying Lyme disease.
Mechanical vectors, on the other hand, are organisms that transmit pathogens without being involved in the life cycle of the pathogen. They simply carry the pathogen on their body or appendages and can transfer it to a new host. Examples of mechanical vectors include flies carrying bacteria on their legs or fleas transmitting the bacteria that cause bubonic plague.
2. Two parasitic diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are malaria and dengue fever.
3. The genetic method of controlling mosquitoes as disease vectors involves manipulating the mosquito's genetics to reduce its ability to transmit diseases. This can be done through various techniques, such as genetically modifying mosquitoes to make them unable to host the parasite or by using genetic engineering techniques to reduce the mosquito population. One example of genetic control is the use of genetically modified mosquitoes that are unable to transmit certain diseases.
4. Two examples of mechanical vectors are flies and fleas.
5. Entamoeba histolytica causes lysis of host cells through several mechanisms. It secretes enzymes, such as pore-forming proteins and proteases, that can directly damage and destroy host cells. The parasite can also invade and enter host cells, where it can cause cell death by disrupting cellular processes and by triggering an inflammatory response from the immune system.
6. Giardiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. It commonly affects the intestines and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
7. Three types of Leishmaniasis are:
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis, which affects the skin and can cause skin ulcers.
- Visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar), which affects internal organs such as the spleen and liver.
- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which affects the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat.
8. Blood smears or thin blood films are recommended for the detection of babesia trophozoites and merozoites. By staining and examining these blood smears under a microscope, parasites can be visualized and identified.
9. Babesiosis has symptoms that can be similar to those of malaria and is commonly misdiagnosed as malaria. It is caused by the parasite Babesia and is transmitted by ticks.
10. Three species of malaria parasites are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium malariae.
11. Plasmodium vivax is the species responsible for malaria relapses. This species has the ability to form dormant liver stages (hypnozoites) that can later reactivate, leading to relapses of the disease.
12. The sexual form of the Plasmodium species responsible for malaria is called a gametocyte. Gametocytes are the stage of the parasite that can be taken up by mosquitoes during a blood meal and develop into sexual stages within the mosquito, leading to the transmission of the parasite when the mosquito bites a new host.