what is demographic transition
Demographic transition refers to the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates within a particular population over a period of time. This evolution is typically observed as countries develop from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. The concept is used in demography, sociology, anthropology, and economics to explain changes in population growth. The transition has four stages: pre-industrial, urbanizing and industrializing, mature industrial, and post-industrial.
The demographic transition refers to the process of change in a population's birth and death rates over time. It typically occurs in four stages as a society develops and transitions from a pre-industrial to an industrialized state. These stages are:
1. Stage 1: High Birth and Death Rates - In this stage, birth and death rates are both high, resulting in a low rate of population growth. This is often observed in pre-industrial societies, where limited access to healthcare and high infant mortality rates contribute to high death rates, while a lack of family planning and limited education lead to high birth rates.
2. Stage 2: Decline in Death Rates - Here, death rates start to decline due to advancements in healthcare, improved sanitation, better nutrition, and enhanced living conditions. However, birth rates remain high, resulting in a rapid population growth.
3. Stage 3: Decline in Birth Rates - In this stage, birth rates begin to decrease as a result of socioeconomic changes. Increased urbanization, improved education, higher living standards, and access to family planning methods lead to a shift in societal norms and a desire for smaller families. As a result, population growth slows down.
4. Stage 4: Low Birth and Death Rates - In the final stage, both birth and death rates are low, resulting in a stable population or even population decline. This stage is typically observed in highly industrialized or post-industrial societies, where birth control is widely accessible, and socioeconomic factors such as increased gender equality and higher education levels further contribute to reduced birth rates.