1).Give 2 functions of the alimentary canal
2). explain how the walls of the stomach are protected against
a.corrosion by hcl
b.digestion by the protein enzymes
3). explain how the alkalinity of the duodenum is maintained
4). differentiate assimilation and absorption
5).name a food that helps peristalsis
6).name the enzyme that digest maltose to glucose
7). describe the
a).ingestion
b). digestion
c). absorption
d). assimilation of ugali
1) Two functions of the alimentary canal are digestion and absorption of nutrients.
2) a) The walls of the stomach are protected against corrosion by HCl through the production of a layer of thick mucus. This mucus layer acts as a physical barrier, preventing the HCl from coming into direct contact with the stomach walls.
b) To protect against digestion by protein enzymes, the stomach walls secrete a thick layer of mucus and produce a hormone called gastrin. Gastrin stimulates the release of bicarbonate ions, which help neutralize the acidity of the stomach and protect the stomach walls.
3) The alkalinity of the duodenum is maintained through the release of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas. The pancreatic duct delivers bicarbonate ions into the duodenum, which helps neutralize the acidic chyme coming from the stomach.
4) Assimilation and absorption are two different processes in the digestive system. Absorption refers to the uptake of nutrients, such as sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids, from the digestive tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Assimilation, on the other hand, refers to the incorporation of these absorbed nutrients into the body's cells and tissues to be used for energy and growth.
5) A food that helps peristalsis is fiber. Foods rich in fiber, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, provide bulk to the stool and promote regular bowel movements by stimulating the smooth muscle contractions of the gastrointestinal tract.
6) The enzyme that digests maltose to glucose is called maltase. Maltase is produced by the small intestine and breaks down maltose, a disaccharide, into glucose, a monosaccharide.
7) a) Ingestion is the process of taking in food through the mouth and into the digestive system.
b) Digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. It involves mechanical digestion (chewing and mixing of food) and chemical digestion (the action of enzymes breaking down complex molecules into simpler forms).
c) Absorption is the process by which nutrients are taken from the digestive tract and absorbed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system for transport to the body's cells.
d) Assimilation is the process by which absorbed nutrients are incorporated into the body's cells and tissues for use in energy production, growth, and repair. For example, once the nutrients from ugali are absorbed, they are assimilated into the cells of the body for various functions.
1) Two functions of the alimentary canal are to digest food and absorb nutrients from digested food.
2) a) The walls of the stomach are protected against corrosion by the hydrochloric acid (HCl) through the secretion of a thick layer of mucus. This mucus forms a protective barrier that prevents the HCl from directly coming into contact with the stomach lining.
b) The walls of the stomach are protected against digestion by protein enzymes through the presence of gastric glands. These glands secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to active pepsin in the acidic environment of the stomach. The stomach lining also secretes mucus and bicarbonate ions to protect itself from the action of pepsin.
3) The alkalinity of the duodenum is maintained through the action of the pancreas. The pancreas releases bicarbonate ions into the duodenum, which neutralize the acidic chyme coming from the stomach. This helps to create an optimal pH environment for the action of pancreatic enzymes and the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
4) Assimilation refers to the process by which digested nutrients are taken up and utilized by cells and tissues in the body. It involves the conversion of nutrients into forms that can be used for energy metabolism, as raw materials for growth, or for storage. Absorption, on the other hand, specifically refers to the process by which digested nutrients are taken up from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
5) Fiber-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, help in promoting peristalsis. These foods provide bulk to the stool, making it easier for the muscles of the digestive tract to push the contents through the alimentary canal.
6) The enzyme that digests maltose to glucose is called maltase. It is produced in the small intestine, specifically in the brush border cells of the villi, where it helps break down maltose into glucose molecules for absorption.
7) a) Ingestion is the process of taking in food through the mouth and into the digestive system.
b) Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules through mechanical and chemical processes. This occurs in various organs of the alimentary canal, such as the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, with the help of enzymes and acids.
c) Absorption is the process by which digested nutrients are taken up into the bloodstream or lymphatic system through the walls of the small intestine. This allows the nutrients to be transported to cells and tissues throughout the body.
d) Assimilation of ugali (a type of maize meal dish) involves the breakdown of its nutrients (such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) during digestion in the alimentary canal. Once these nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, they are transported to cells and tissues where they are utilized for energy production, growth, and repair.