1).describe how oxygen enters the haemolymph of an insect
2)a.draw and label the gill from a bony fish
b).state the function of each parts
c). give three adaptations of the gill filaments to gaseous exchange
d). give three reasons why a fish dies when removed in water
3). how is the trachea adapted to its functions
4). describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in
a). a bonny
b). human being
c). insect
5). describe the changes that occur to the ribcage and diaphragm during
a). inhalation
b). exhalation
1) In insects, oxygen enters the haemolymph through tiny tubes called tracheae. These tracheae are connected to tiny openings called spiracles that are located on the insect's body surface. Oxygen diffuses through the spiracles and travels through the tracheae to reach the cells of the insect's body.
2) a) A gill in a bony fish consists of thin, fleshy membranes called gill filaments attached to gill arches.
b) The function of each part of the gill in a bony fish is as follows:
- Gill filaments: These are the main sites of gaseous exchange. They are thin and have a large surface area, allowing for efficient oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide release.
- Gill arches: These provide support for the gill filaments and contain blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood away from the gills.
c) Three adaptations of the gill filaments for gaseous exchange in fish are:
- Lamellae: These are small, finger-like projections on the gill filaments that increase the surface area available for gas exchange.
- Countercurrent exchange system: Blood flows in the opposite direction to water flow, maximizing the oxygen diffusion gradient across the gill surface.
- Thin epithelial layer: The gill filaments have a thin layer of cells, facilitating the diffusion of gases between the water and the bloodstream.
d) Three reasons why a fish dies when removed from water are:
- Lack of oxygen: Fish obtain oxygen from water through their gills. When removed from water, they are unable to extract enough oxygen from the air to sustain their metabolism.
- Dehydration: Fish have a thin mucous layer on their skin that helps prevent water loss. When out of water, this protective layer is compromised, leading to dehydration.
- Heat stress: Water acts as a temperature buffer, so when fish are removed from water, they are exposed to rapid temperature changes that can be harmful or even fatal.
3) The trachea in insects is adapted to its functions by being a highly branched network of tubes that deliver oxygen directly to individual cells in the insect's body. It is supported by chitin rings to prevent the collapsibility of the tubes. The tracheal tubes extend throughout the insect's body, allowing for the efficient exchange of gases and the removal of waste products.
4) a) In bony fish, gaseous exchange occurs as water containing dissolved oxygen flows over the thin, vascularized gill filaments. Oxygen diffuses across the gill membranes into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream into the water, to be expelled as waste. This process is known as counter-current exchange, where water and blood flow in opposite directions to maintain a steep oxygen concentration gradient.
b) In humans, gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs. Oxygen is inhaled through the nose or mouth, passes down the trachea, and into the bronchi. The bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which eventually lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the surrounding capillaries, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli to be exhaled.
c) In insects, gaseous exchange occurs through their tracheal system. Minute tubes called tracheae extend throughout the insect's body, carrying air directly to the cells. Oxygen diffuses from the tracheae into the cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses out from the cells into the tracheae. This exchange occurs by simple diffusion driven by concentration gradients.
5) a) During inhalation, the ribcage expands as the intercostal muscles contract. This movement causes the ribs to move upwards and outwards, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm contracts and moves downwards, further increasing the thoracic volume. These changes in the ribcage and diaphragm create a decrease in air pressure in the lungs, allowing air to flow in and fill the expanded lungs.
b) During exhalation, the ribcage returns to its resting position as the intercostal muscles relax. This causes the ribs to move inwards and downwards, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, reducing the thoracic volume even more. These changes increase the air pressure in the lungs, causing air to be expelled from the lungs during exhalation.
solve x+8 is greater than 10
To solve the inequality x + 8 > 10, we can isolate the variable x on one side of the inequality sign.
Starting with x + 8 > 10, we can subtract 8 from both sides of the inequality:
x + 8 - 8 > 10 - 8
This simplifies to:
x > 2
So, the solution to the inequality is x > 2.
x-1/3 is less than or equal to 1/2
To solve the inequality x - 1/3 ≤ 1/2, we can isolate the variable x on one side of the inequality.
Starting with x - 1/3 ≤ 1/2, we can add 1/3 to both sides of the inequality:
x - 1/3 + 1/3 ≤ 1/2 + 1/3
This simplifies to:
x ≤ 5/6
So, the solution to the inequality is x ≤ 5/6.
1) In insects, oxygen enters the haemolymph through tiny openings called spiracles located on the sides of their body segments. These spiracles are connected to a network of highly branched tubes called tracheae. The tracheae deliver oxygen directly to the cells in the insect's body.
2) a) Unfortunately, as an AI text-based model, I am unable to draw and label diagrams. However, I can explain the parts of a fish gill.
b) The gill of a bony fish consists of several parts:
- Gill arches: These are bony structures that support the gill filaments.
- Gill filaments: These are slender projections extending from the gill arches. They are organized in a layered fashion, increasing the surface area available for gas exchange.
- Gill rakers: These are finger-like projections on the inner sides of the gill arches that prevent debris from entering the gills.
- Secondary lamellae: These are thin, flat structures located on the gill filaments. They contain a network of capillaries where oxygen exchange takes place.
c) Three adaptations of the gill filaments to facilitate gaseous exchange in fish include:
- Large surface area: The numerous, thin filaments increase the surface area available for oxygen absorption.
- Thin epithelial layer: The epithelial layer lining the filaments is thin, allowing for efficient diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Rich blood supply: The gill filaments are richly supplied with capillaries, ensuring a high concentration gradient for gas exchange.
d) When a fish is removed from water, it can lead to three main reasons for death:
- Lack of oxygen: Since fish rely on their gills to extract oxygen from water, being out of water deprives them of the necessary oxygen to survive.
- Dehydration: Fish have specialized mucus on their skin that helps them retain moisture. Without the protection of water, they can quickly become dehydrated.
- Temperature regulation: Water helps fish maintain their body temperature. When removed from water, they experience rapid temperature changes, which can be harmful or even fatal.
3) The trachea of insects is adapted to its functions in the following ways:
- Tubes: The trachea consists of a network of tubes that branch throughout the insect's body, delivering oxygen directly to the cells, minimizing diffusion distances.
- Spiracles: Spiracles are the openings located on the body sides that allow air to enter and exit the tracheal system. They can be opened or closed to regulate gas exchange and prevent water loss.
- Tracheal fluid: Tracheal tubes are lined with a thin layer of fluid that enhances the transport of gases, allowing for more efficient exchange by dissolving the gases.
4) a) Gaseous exchange mechanism in a bony fish:
In bony fish, oxygen-rich water enters through the mouth and passes over the gill filaments. Oxygen dissolves into the water and diffuses across the thin epithelial layer into the bloodstream. At the same time, carbon dioxide from the fish's tissues is released into the water and removed through the gills.
b) Gaseous exchange mechanism in a human being:
In humans, oxygen is inhaled through the nose or mouth and travels down the trachea. It then enters the lungs and diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli, small air sacs. Oxygen binds to red blood cells and is transported to the body tissues. Carbon dioxide, a waste product, is released from the tissues into the bloodstream and transported back to the lungs to be exhaled.
c) Gaseous exchange mechanism in an insect:
Insects have a network of tracheae that deliver oxygen directly to their tissues. Oxygen enters the body through spiracles, which are connected to the tracheae. The oxygen diffuses down the concentration gradient, reaching the tissues where it is utilized for respiration. Carbon dioxide, produced as a waste product, diffuses out of the tissues and is removed through the spiracles.
5) a) During inhalation, the ribcage expands, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards. This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, causing a decrease in pressure. The lower pressure allows air to rush into the lungs.
b) During exhalation, the ribcage relaxes and moves downwards, while the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards. This reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity, leading to an increase in pressure. The increased pressure forces air to be expelled from the lungs.