Stress induced release of ACTH from the pituitary gland ?
has no affect on the immune system increases the immune response
leads to fever
causes release of cortisol from the adrenal gland which suppresses the immune system
activates all the non-specific defense systems
in the body
The stress-induced release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the pituitary gland affects several systems in the body, including the immune system. Here are the steps involved:
1. Stress triggers the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus in the brain.
2. CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH.
3. ACTH travels through the bloodstream and reaches the adrenal glands.
4. The adrenal glands respond to ACTH by releasing cortisol, a stress hormone.
5. Cortisol has various effects on the body, including its impact on the immune system.
6. Initially, cortisol can increase the immune response, leading to enhanced inflammation and immune cell activation.
7. However, prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol can have suppressive effects on the immune system.
8. Cortisol inhibits the production and function of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, which are important for the body's defense against viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens.
9. This suppression of the immune system can make an individual more susceptible to infections and slower to heal from illness.
10. Additionally, stress-induced release of ACTH and cortisol can cause an increase in body temperature, leading to fever.
11. Stress can also stimulate the non-specific defense systems of the body, such as the release of certain chemicals and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for a fight-or-flight response.
So, in summary, stress-induced release of ACTH from the pituitary gland affects the immune system by initially increasing the immune response but ultimately suppressing it. It also leads to fever and activates the non-specific defense systems.