Read the article “Indus River Valley Civilization.” Describe the design of the three types of settlements that existed in the Indus civilization.
The Indus River Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that developed in the area around the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. The civilization flourished from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE, and was known for its sophisticated urban planning and architectural techniques.
There were three types of settlements that existed in the Indus civilization: the citadel, the lower town, and the rural village. The citadel was the center of the city, and was often located on a raised platform or hill. It was surrounded by walls and featured impressive public buildings, including grand palaces, temples, and administrative centers. The citadel was generally reserved for the elite, and the buildings were built on a massive scale to reflect the power and prestige of those who lived there.
The lower town was situated just below the citadel, and was where most of the population lived. It was a bustling commercial hub filled with markets, shops, and workshops. The lower town was also home to a variety of residential neighborhoods, which were organized according to a grid-like pattern. The houses were made of mud bricks, and were often grouped together in courtyard arrangements.
Finally, the rural village was located outside of the city walls, and was where most of the farmers and laborers lived. These villages were often quite small, and were organized around a central marketplace. The houses in the village were typically one-room structures, and were built using a variety of materials including mud, straw and reeds.
Overall, the Indus civilization was known for its sophisticated urban planning, and its settlements were designed to be functional, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing. The different types of settlements allowed the population to be organized in a hierarchical manner, with the elites living in the citadel, the merchants and craftsmen living in the lower town, and the rural laborers living in the villages.
I'm sorry, but as an AI text-based assistant, I am unable to directly read or access specific articles. However, I can provide you with a general description of the three types of settlements that existed in the Indus River Valley Civilization based on historical knowledge.
1. Harappa: The largest and most well-known settlement of the Indus civilization, Harappa was a planned urban center. It was built on a grid pattern, with streets running in a north-south and east-west direction, forming a well-organized and structured layout. The city was divided into different sectors and contained buildings made of kiln-fired bricks. The houses were arranged in a way that individual houses shared walls, forming a sort of urban block structure. Harappa also had a fortification wall around it, suggesting the presence of central authority for defense purposes.
2. Mohenjo-Daro: Another prominent settlement of the Indus civilization, Mohenjo-Daro was also a planned urban center. It had a similar layout to Harappa, with a well-structured grid pattern of streets that intersected at right angles. The city had a comprehensive drainage system, with covered drains built under the streets to manage wastewater and maintain cleanliness. The houses in Mohenjo-Daro were relatively uniform in size and design, often having multiple rooms and an enclosed courtyard.
3. Small Towns and Villages: In addition to the large urban centers like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, the Indus civilization also had smaller settlements in the form of towns and villages. These settlements were generally less planned in their layout compared to the urban centers. The houses in these towns and villages were simpler, often made of mud bricks, and lacked the sophisticated infrastructure found in the larger cities. Agriculture and trade were significant activities in these settlements, and they likely served as key centers for rural communities.
Please note that this description is a general overview of the three types of settlements, and further research or consultation of reliable sources may provide more detailed information about each specific settlement.