What are the bonding forces that hold together the molecules in a crystal? Give the examples of compounds with such types of bonding forces
The bonding forces that hold together the molecules in a crystal are primarily:
1. Ionic Bonds – these are formed between oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other. Examples of compounds with ionic bonding include sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and magnesium oxide (MgO).
2. Covalent Bonds – these are formed when atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule. Examples of compounds with covalent bonding include diamond (C), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and water (H2O).
3. Metallic Bonds – these are formed by the positive ions in a metal lattice being surrounded by a “sea” of electrons that are free to move. Examples of compounds with metallic bonding include gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu).
4. Hydrogen Bonds – these are formed when hydrogen atoms are bonded to an electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen, creating a polar molecule that can form weak bonds with neighboring molecules. Examples of compounds with hydrogen bonding include water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and ethanol (C2H5OH).
Overall, most crystals are held together by a combination of these bonding forces.