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Petrification occurs when:

shell, bone, or wood is replaced with dissolved minerals
dead organisms are exposed to oxygen and calcium carbonate
a cast fossil is later filled with minerals
an organism is completely preserved in ice or oil

shell, bone, or wood is replaced with dissolved minerals.

Did you know?

Did you know that petrification is a fascinating natural process that can preserve ancient organisms and materials? It occurs when shells, bones, or wood are gradually replaced with dissolved minerals, creating rock-like replicas of the original structures. Another way petrification occurs is when dead organisms come into contact with oxygen and calcium carbonate, resulting in the preservation of their remains. Additionally, a cast fossil can be formed when a hollow space is filled with minerals over time. Lastly, in some extraordinary cases, organisms can be fully preserved when they are trapped in ice or become submerged in oil. These various methods of petrification offer incredible opportunities for the study and understanding of Earth's history.