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The central dogma of molecular genetics is the process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. This process involves the transcription of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) and the translation of mRNA into proteins. The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells. The code defines a set of 64 codons (three-nucleotide sequences) that specify the 20 standard amino acids used by all organisms to build proteins, as well as start and stop signals. Point mutation is a type of genetic mutation that occurs when a single nucleotide base in a gene is changed, substituted, or deleted. This type of mutation can have a wide range of effects on the gene, depending on the location of the mutation and the type of nucleotide that is changed. Point mutations can cause a gene to produce a different protein, or they can cause the gene to be non-functional. Point mutations can also cause diseases, such as sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and Tay-Sachs disease. Insertion is a type of genetic mutation that occurs when a piece of DNA is added to a gene. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including viruses, transposons, or errors during DNA replication. Insertion mutations can cause a variety of effects, including changes in gene expression, disruption of gene function, and even the creation of new genes. Deletion is a type of mutation in which a section of DNA is removed from a chromosome. This can occur due to a variety of causes, including errors during DNA replication, exposure to radiation, or exposure to certain chemicals. Deletion can result in a variety of genetic disorders, depending on the size and location of the deletion. Duplication is a process in genetics where a gene or a section of DNA is copied and repeated. This can occur naturally through processes such as DNA replication or can be artificially induced through techniques such as gene cloning. inversion is a type of genetic mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. This means that the order of the genes on the chromosome is reversed. Translocation is a type of genetic mutation in which a chromosome or a segment of a chromosome is moved from one position to another. This can occur between two non-homologous chromosomes, or between two parts of the same chromosome.
The central dogma of molecular genetics explains how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. It involves the processes of transcription, where DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), and translation, where mRNA is used to build proteins. Genetic material, whether DNA or RNA, is translated into proteins based on a set of rules called the genetic code. This code consists of 64 three-nucleotide sequences called codons, which determine the 20 standard amino acids used by all organisms to construct proteins. Start and stop signals are also part of the genetic code.
Point mutation is a specific type of genetic mutation that occurs when a single nucleotide base in a gene is changed, substituted, or deleted. The effects of point mutations on a gene can vary depending on the location and type of nucleotide that is altered. They can lead to the production of different proteins or render the gene non-functional. In some cases, point mutations can even cause genetic diseases like sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and Tay-Sachs disease.
Insertion is another type of genetic mutation that happens when a piece of DNA is added to a gene. This can be caused by various factors, including viruses, transposons, or errors during DNA replication. Insertion mutations can result in changes in gene expression, disruption of gene function, or the creation of entirely new genes.
Deletion is a genetic mutation where a section of DNA is removed from a chromosome. This can occur due to errors during DNA replication, exposure to radiation, or exposure to certain chemicals. Depending on the size and location of the deletion, it can lead to various genetic disorders.
Duplication refers to the process of copying and repeating a gene or a section of DNA. This can occur naturally during DNA replication or be induced artificially through techniques like gene cloning.
Inversion is a type of genetic mutation where a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end, resulting in the reversal of gene order on the chromosome.
Translocation is a genetic mutation in which a chromosome or a segment of a chromosome moves from one position to another. This can occur either between two non-homologous chromosomes or between different parts of the same chromosome.