Explain the foreign policy of Ethiopia during tewodros II 1855_1868, yohannes IV 1872_1889, menelik II 1889_1893, emperor Haile Selassie I 1916_1974, military government 1974_1991, and the post 1991?
During different periods in Ethiopian history, the country's foreign policy underwent significant shifts. I will explain the foreign policies of Ethiopia during the reigns of Tewodros II, Yohannes IV, Menelik II, Emperor Haile Selassie I, the military government, and the post-1991 era.
1. Tewodros II (1855-1868):
Tewodros II aimed to modernize Ethiopia and expand its influence beyond its borders. His foreign policy involved establishing diplomatic relations with European powers, particularly Britain and France. He hoped to secure their support for his efforts to resist imperialism and strengthen his rule. However, due to a perceived lack of respect from the Europeans, Tewodros II's foreign policy led to tensions and conflicts.
2. Yohannes IV (1872-1889):
Yohannes IV's foreign policy focused on territorial integrity and defense against external threats. He faced challenges from neighboring states, especially Egypt and Sudan. Yohannes IV pursued alliances with European powers to counter these threats, particularly with Italy. However, this partnership eventually soured and led to the Battle of Adwa in 1896, where Italian forces were defeated.
3. Menelik II (1889-1893):
Menelik II is often regarded as the architect of modern Ethiopia. His foreign policy was characterized by strategic diplomacy and military strength. Menelik II signed the Treaty of Wichale with Italy, which later led to a dispute over its interpretation, resulting in the Battle of Adwa. Menelik II's victory against Italy established Ethiopia as the only African nation to successfully resist European colonization.
4. Emperor Haile Selassie I (1916-1974):
Haile Selassie I's foreign policy can be divided into pre-World War II and post-World War II eras. Pre-war, he sought to secure Ethiopia's independence and promote Pan-Africanism. Haile Selassie I addressed the League of Nations in 1936 to raise awareness about the Italian invasion. Post-war, he focused on modernization, joining the United Nations, and advocating for decolonization in Africa.
5. Military Government (1974-1991):
The military government, known as the Derg, came to power through a coup d'état. Its foreign policy was driven by socialist ideology and anti-imperialist sentiments. The Derg aligned itself with the Soviet Union and other socialist states, receiving substantial military and financial support. However, its rule faced internal and external opposition, leading to increased regional instability.
6. Post-1991:
Following the fall of the Derg regime, Ethiopia transitioned to a federal democratic system. Ethiopia's foreign policy post-1991 aimed to promote regional stability, economic development, and international cooperation. They sought to strengthen relations with neighboring countries while engaging in peacekeeping operations and participating in international organizations.
It is worth noting that these explanations provide a general overview of the foreign policies during each period and may not encompass every nuance or detail. Further research and exploration of historical sources can provide a more comprehensive understanding.