Which of the following is a limitation of models?
*
Models usually do not have exactly the same features as the objects or events that they represent
It is often easier to study models rather than the objects or events that they represent.
Sometimes models provide data when data cannot be acquired from natural objects or events.
Models are often safer to study than the objects or events that they represent.
3. A scientist read about an experiment done by someone else. She does the same experiment in her lab to make sure it works. This is an example of
*
replication
redundancy
replacement
repetition
4. The factor that is changed throughout an experiment is called the _______.
*
constant
hypothesis
variable
apparatus
Unit 2: Earth's Energy Systems
5. Which type of rock contains minerals arranged in crystals and forms when molten rock cools and turns solid?
*
sedimentary rock
fossilized rock
metamorphic rock
igneous rock
6. The main agents that cause metamorphic rocks to form are
*
melting and cooling.
heat and pressure.
deposition and compaction.
weathering and erosion.
7. Rocky material from the Earth's interior can reach the surface, and be pushed and folded upward during the process of _______. One of the processes that works to return this material back to the Earth's interior is _______.
*
weathering; mountain building
erosion; mountain building
mountain building; erosion
weathering; erosion
8. What causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and creates mountains and ocean basins?
*
the carbon cycle and the Earth's magnetic field
the tides and solar eclipses
heat flow and the movement of material inside the Earth
the water cycle and the Moon's gravitational influence
9. Some rocks are formed by heat and pressure. What is the heat source for rock formation?
*
heat from forest fires
heat from Earth's interior
heat from electrical currents
heat from the Sun
10. Which of the following natural disasters often occurs at the boundaries between tectonic plates?
*
hurricane
tornado
flood
earthquake
Unit 3: Age of the Earth
11. The diagram below shows several rock layers and other geologic features. Each feature is labeled with a unique letter. The order of the letters do not necessarily reflect the order in which the features formed. Examine the diagram, and answer the question that follows. Using the principles of original horizontality, superposition, and cross-cutting relationships, determine which of the following features is the youngest.
*
Captionless Image
N
G
R
H
12. The Law of Superposition helps scientists to
*
decipher the different types of sedimentary rock.
learn more about how sedimentary rock is formed.
determine the age of layers of rock.
learn more about how fossils are formed.
13. The diagram below shows a stack of rock layers. Examine the diagram, and answer the question that follows. Layer T contains a well-known index fossil that is 120 million years old. Layer R contains a different index fossil that is 100 million years old. Based on this information and the principle of superposition, how old is Layer M?
*
Captionless Image
younger than 100 million years
either 20 million or 220 million years old
older than 120 million years
between 100 million and 120 million years old
14. The images below show how the Earth's continents looked 250 million years ago and how they look today. The change in the continents' positions is explained by the modern theory of plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics developed in part from an earlier hypothesis about how continents move. What is the name of this earlier hypothesis?
*
Captionless Image
continental drift
natural selection
earthquake development
evolution
Unit 4: Natural Resources
15. A renewable resource is one that is continually produced, such as the wind and sunlight. Which of the following is a renewable resource?
*
iron ore
fresh water
petroleum
diamonds
16. Cars, trucks, and buses use petroleum—which is a fossil fuel—to power them. Mrs. Cash has a class of 20 students. Half of her students get rides to school from their parents. The other half take the bus. If it takes the same amount of energy to transport three students to school by bus as it takes to transport one student by car, how could the amount of energy Mrs. Cash's students use be reduced the most?
*
They could all ask their parents to take longer routes to school.
They could all ride in different cars to school.
They could all ride the bus to school.
They could all choose to ride in cars that use more petroleum.
17. Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy source?
*
wind power
solar power
gasoline
biofuel
18. Which of the following is NOT a good way to manage a natural resource?
*
recycling glass, plastic, and paper
taking long showers
walking instead of driving to nearby places
installing solar cells to power homes
Unit 5: Human Impacts on the Environment
19. Dax just completed a report on car transportation. He concluded that gasoline prices will likely rise significantly in the years to come and recommends lower-cost car transportation for the future. Dax's younger sister, Ava, just completed a report on air pollution. Ava concluded that gasoline-powered cars cause too much pollution and recommends that they should not be used in the future. Which of the following is a solution for the future that would follow both Dax's and Ava's recommendations?
*
development of cars that run on fuels that pollute less and cost less than gasoline
enactment of laws that require gasoline to cost more and cause more pollution
development of gasoline-powered cars that have better fuel efficiency
enactment of laws requiring all people to ride bicycles instead of driving cars
20. Where extensive deforestation has occurred, _______ is often a result.
*
increased diversity
increased erosion
mountain building
improved water quality
21. Urban areas tend to be warmer than the rural areas that surround them. This is mainly caused by how the materials that humans use for building, such as concrete, absorb and radiate energy from the Sun. This is known as the "heat island" effect. Which of the following can be altered by the heat island effect?
*
local volcanic activity
the ocean tides
local weather patterns
the movement of crustal plates
22. Acid rain contributes to soil erosion. Acid rain can be caused by
*
drought.
chemicals released into the air by factories.
over fertilization of farmlands.
sudden cloud formation
Unit 6: Thermal Energy
23. A sample of nitrogen gas is at 37°C (99°F). If heat is removed from the sample, its temperature will _______, and it could undergo a change of state into a ________.
*
decrease; liquid
increase; solid
increase; liquid
decrease; gas
24. Which of the following correctly describes how heat moves when it is conducted between objects?
*
from smaller objects to larger objects
from cooler objects to warmer objects
from larger objects to smaller objects
from warmer objects to cooler objects
25. A transfer of heat within a liquid or gas that involves warm particles moving in currents is
*
correction.
conduction
convection
connection
26. Many people have a tendency to think that heat and temperature are the same thing. However, this is not true. Heat describes
*
energy that flows from warmer objects to cooler objects.
the average amount of energy possessed by an object due to the potential energy stored in its bonds.
the average amount of energy possessed by an object due to the motion of its particles.
energy that flows from cooler objects to warmer objects.
Unit 7: Waves
27. Which of the following is true about light waves and sound waves?
*
Sound waves and light waves travel at the same speed through different materials.
Light waves can move at different speeds, but sound waves always move at the same speed.
Sound waves can move at different speeds, but light waves always move at the same speed.
They each travel at different speeds when moving through different materials.
28. White light is made up of
*
only the types of visible light with very long wavelengths.
ultraviolet light and gamma rays.
infrared light and radio waves.
a spectrum of many different colors of light.
29. When an object such as a stone is dropped into water, it disturbs the surface of the water. Waves form at the surface of the water and travel outward from the point of the disturbance. The diagram below is based on a single frame from a video of the waves that formed when a stone was dropped into water. If a student were to measure the distance labeled as "Z," she would know the value of the _______ of the wave.
*
Captionless Image
wavelength
frequency
radius
amplitude
30. A machine produces compression waves in a spring that is 120 cm long by pulsing twice every second. The back and forth movement of the pulse creates compressed sections of the spring that are 30 cm apart and travel toward the other end of the spring. Which property of the wave does the value of two per second describe?
*
Captionless Image
frequency
wavelength
amplitude
intensity
1. The limitation of models is that they usually do not have exactly the same features as the objects or events that they represent. I mean, let's be honest, models are like the knockoff version of the real thing. Like a fake Rolex. So, don't expect the model to be an exact replica, unless you're talking about a model of me, because I am perfection itself.
3. Ah, replication. It's like that classic saying, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again...but with someone else's experiment." So, when a scientist reads about an experiment done by someone else and decides to do the same one in her lab, that's called replication. It's like she's saying, "I'm not lazy, I'm just ensuring scientific rigor...and maybe trying to steal some credit."
4. The factor that is changed throughout an experiment is called the variable. It's like the wild card in the experiment, the unpredictable element that keeps things interesting. Just like that friend who always shows up to a party with a different hairstyle each time. You never know what you're gonna get with a variable.
5. Igneous rock! It's the rock that's so hot, it's cool. It forms when molten rock cools and turns solid, just like when you forget to drink your hot cocoa and it becomes a solid chunk of disappointment. But hey, at least it's a fabulous chunk of disappointment with beautiful crystals arranged inside. Fashionable and geologically cool.
6. The main agents that cause metamorphic rocks to form are heat and pressure. It's like a metaphor for life, you know? Diamonds are formed under pressure, and so are metamorphic rocks. So, when life gives you pressure, just remember, you might come out as a beautiful gem. Or a rock. Either way, you're gonna shine.
7. Rocky material from the Earth's interior can reach the surface, and be pushed and folded upward during the process of mountain building. It's like nature's way of saying, "Hey, let's make a hill out of this rock!" But let's not forget about erosion, the process that works to return this material back to the Earth's interior. It's like nature's way of saying, "Sorry, hill, but it's time to crumble down and go back home."
8. What causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and creates mountains and ocean basins? Well, it's not magic, even though it sounds pretty magical. It's actually the result of heat flow and the movement of material inside the Earth. Just like how your stomach causes rumbles and eruptions after eating a spicy burrito. So, next time you see a mountain, just remember, it's the Earth's way of saying, "Oops, I did it again."
9. Some rocks are formed by heat and pressure. And where does that heat come from? Ta-da! It comes from Earth's interior. It's like the Earth turning up the volume and giving the rocks a warm embrace. So, the next time you need a hug, just remember that someone out there is giving rocks a nice, cozy squeeze.
10. Drumroll, please. The natural disaster that often occurs at the boundaries between tectonic plates is...*drumroll continues*...earthquake! It's like nature's way of shaking things up, literally. So, if you want to experience some plate tectonics in action, just wait for an earthquake. But make sure you're prepared, because it's not gonna be a dance party. Trust me, you won't be doing any salsa moves during an earthquake.
11. The youngest feature in the diagram is...*insert suspenseful music*...letter N! It's like the baby of the group, the fresh and youthful feature. Just like that one person in your friend group who always looks like they just stepped out of a magazine, while the rest of you are still figuring out how to brush your hair properly.
12. The Law of Superposition helps scientists determine the age of layers of rock. It's like the Sherlock Holmes of geology, using clues from rock layers to solve the puzzle of time. So, if you ever need to know the age of a rock layer, just call on the Law of Superposition and it'll crack the case wide open.
13. Layer M is between 100 million and 120 million years old. It's like being stuck between a rock and a hard place, except in this case, Layer M is stuck between Layer T (120 million years old) and Layer R (100 million years old). Poor Layer M, always stuck in the middle, like the Jan Brady of the rock layers.
14. The earlier hypothesis about how continents move is called continental drift. It's like continents playing a game of musical chairs, but instead of sitting when the music stops, they just drift away. And voila, you've got a whole new set of continents. So, next time you look at a world map, just imagine the continents dancing their way across the globe.
15. Fresh water! It's like the gift that keeps on giving. Unlike those non-renewable resources that just get used up and leave us hanging, fresh water keeps flowing and replenishing itself. It's like the eternal well of hydration. So, cheers to fresh water, the MVP of renewable resources!
16. The most efficient way to reduce the amount of energy Mrs. Cash's students use would be if they all ride the bus to school. It's like carpooling, but on a larger scale. By consolidating their transportation, they can save energy and have a designated space for epic bus karaoke sessions. Just make sure to bring your best dance moves and vocal skills for the bus ride.
17. Gasoline, my friend, is a nonrenewable energy source. It's like that limited edition snack that you hoarded and now it's all gone. Once it's used up, there's no getting it back. So, let's cherish the gasoline we have left and maybe consider some alternatives, like solar power or unicorn tears. Hey, a bot can dream, right?
18. Taking long showers is NOT a good way to manage a natural resource. It's like taking a road trip and leaving the car running in the hotel parking lot while you sleep. It's wasteful and unnecessary. So, instead of indulging in lengthy shower concerts, let's conserve water and save the planet one drop at a time.
19. The solution that would follow both Dax's and Ava's recommendations is the development of cars that run on fuels that pollute less and cost less than gasoline. It's like hitting two birds with one stone, or in this case, two environmentally-friendly recommendations with one solution. Plus, who wouldn't want a car that saves the planet and saves you money? It's a win-win.
20. Deforestation often results in increased erosion. It's like removing the protective blanket of trees and leaving the soil exposed and vulnerable to the elements. So, remember, trees are like nature's velcro, holding everything together. Without them, things can get pretty messy. So, let's hug a tree and save the soil from erosion, one tree hug at a time.
21. The "heat island" effect can alter local weather patterns. It's like a giant game of climate dominoes, where one small change in temperature can set off a chain reaction of weather events. So, next time you're in a city and it feels like a sauna, just blame those pesky concrete buildings soaking up the Sun's energy and messing with the weather. It's like nature's version of a concrete jungle remix.
22. Acid rain can be caused by chemicals released into the air by factories. It's like factories playing their own version of "Chopsticks" on a piano made of pollution. And unfortunately, acid rain is the not-so-happy melody that falls from the sky. So, remember, factories, let's keep the air clean and the rain fresh. No one wants a polluted piano performance.
23. If heat is removed from a sample of nitrogen gas at 37°C (99°F), its temperature will decrease, and it could undergo a change of state into a liquid. It's like watching a superhero cool down after a heated battle. The gas transforms into a chilled-out liquid, taking a moment to relax and gather its composure. So, if you ever want to calm down some nitrogen gas, just turn down the heat and watch the magic happen.
24. When heat is conducted between objects, it moves from warmer objects to cooler objects. It's like a heat relay race, where the torch is passed from the hot potato to the cooler dwellers. So, if you ever feel the heat, just remember, it's on a mission to find a cooler spot. Stay cool, my friends.
25. A transfer of heat within a liquid or gas that involves warm particles moving in currents is convection. It's like a dance party in a liquid or gas, with the warm particles busting a move and creating currents. So, next time you see some convective heat in action, just imagine a liquid disco party happening right under your nose. Get your groove on, particles!
26. Heat is energy that flows from warmer objects to cooler objects. It's like the natural flow of good vibes from the energetic to the not-so-energetic. So, if you're feeling warm and fuzzy, it's just the universe spreading its love through heat. Embrace the warmth, my friend, embrace it.
27. Sound waves and light waves travel at different speeds through different materials. It's like a race where sound waves are the slow and steady tortoise, while light waves are the speedy hare. So, if you ever need to impress your friends with some wave knowledge, just remember, sound waves take their time, while light waves zoom past like they're on a caffeine rush.
28. White light is made up of a spectrum of many different colors of light. It's like a rainbow explosion, with all the colors joining forces to create the magic of white light. So, next time you see a beam of white light, just appreciate the rainbow of colors that harmoniously come together to brighten your day.
29. If a student were to measure the distance labeled as "Z
1. A limitation of models is that they usually do not have exactly the same features as the objects or events they represent.
2. The example given is replication, where a scientist repeats an experiment to verify its results.
3. The factor that is changed throughout an experiment is called the variable.
4. Igneous rock contains minerals arranged in crystals and forms when molten rock cools and turns solid.
5. The main agents that cause metamorphic rocks to form are heat and pressure.
6. Mountain building can push and fold rocky material from the Earth's interior upward, while erosion works to return this material back to the Earth's interior.
7. The movement of material inside the Earth, along with heat flow, causes earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the creation of mountains and ocean basins.
8. Heat from Earth's interior is the heat source for rock formation.
9. Earthquakes often occur at the boundaries between tectonic plates.
10. The youngest feature in the diagram is H.
11. The Law of Superposition helps scientists determine the age of layers of rock.
12. Layer M is between 100 million and 120 million years old based on the information provided.
13. The earlier hypothesis about how continents move is known as continental drift.
14. Freshwater is a renewable resource.
15. They could all ride the bus to school to reduce the amount of energy used.
16. Gasoline is a nonrenewable energy source.
17. Taking long showers is NOT a good way to manage a natural resource.
18. The development of cars that run on fuels that pollute less and cost less than gasoline would follow both Dax's and Ava's recommendations.
19. Extensive deforestation often results in increased erosion.
20. The heat island effect can alter local weather patterns.
21. Acid rain can be caused by chemicals released into the air by factories.
22. If heat is removed from a sample of nitrogen gas at 37°C (99°F), its temperature will decrease, and it could undergo a change of state into a liquid.
23. Heat moves by conduction from warmer objects to cooler objects.
24. A transfer of heat within a liquid or gas that involves warm particles moving in currents is called convection.
25. Heat describes energy that flows from warmer objects to cooler objects.
26. Sound waves and light waves each travel at different speeds when moving through different materials.
27. White light is made up of a spectrum of many different colors of light.
28. The student would know the value of the wavelength of the wave if she measured the distance labeled as "Z".
29. The value of two per second describes the frequency of the wave.
To answer the questions:
1. The limitation of models is that they usually do not have exactly the same features as the objects or events that they represent. You can identify this limitation by understanding that models are simplified representations of complex objects or events, and may not include all the details or characteristics of the real thing.
2. The example of a scientist doing the same experiment in her lab to make sure it works is an example of replication. To identify this example, you can understand that replication involves repeating an experiment to ensure that the results are consistent and reliable.
3. The factor that is changed throughout an experiment is called the variable. To determine this answer, you can recognize that the variable is the part of the experiment that is intentionally manipulated or changed to observe its effect on the outcome.
4. The main agents that cause metamorphic rocks to form are heat and pressure. You can identify this answer by understanding that heat and pressure are the forces that act on existing rocks to alter their mineralogy, texture, and structure, resulting in the formation of metamorphic rocks.
5. The process that causes rocky material from the Earth's interior to reach the surface, and can push and fold it upward, is called mountain building. One of the processes that works to return this material back to the Earth's interior is erosion. To determine this answer, you can recognize that mountain building is the geological process that forms mountains, while erosion is the process by which material is removed from the Earth's surface.
6. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountains and ocean basins are caused by the movement of material inside the Earth and the heat flow associated with it. You can determine this answer by understanding that tectonic activity, driven by the movement of tectonic plates and the release of energy stored in the Earth's interior, is responsible for these geological events.
7. The heat source for rock formation is heat from Earth's interior. To identify this answer, you can understand that heat from the Earth's interior, generated by processes like radioactive decay, provides the energy required for metamorphic and igneous rock formation.
8. Earthquakes often occur at the boundaries between tectonic plates. To identify this answer, you can recognize that earthquakes are caused by the movement and interaction of tectonic plates, which occur primarily at plate boundaries.
9. The youngest feature in the diagram that shows several rock layers and other geological features can be determined using the principles of original horizontality, superposition, and cross-cutting relationships. By applying the principle of superposition, which states that younger rocks are deposited on top of older rocks, you can identify the youngest feature by looking for the one located on top of all the others.
10. The Law of Superposition helps scientists determine the age of layers of rock. To determine this answer, you can understand that the Law of Superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, each layer is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it.
11. Layer M is between 100 million and 120 million years old. To determine this answer, you can understand that based on the principle of superposition and the ages of the index fossils in layers T and R, Layer M must be older than Layer R (100 million years old) but younger than Layer T (120 million years old).
12. The earlier hypothesis about how continents move is called continental drift. You can identify this answer by recognizing that continental drift was the early idea that proposed that the continents had once been joined together in a single landmass (Pangaea) and had since moved apart to their current positions.
13. Freshwater is a renewable resource. To determine this answer, you can understand that renewable resources are those that are continually produced or replenished, such as wind and sunlight.
14. The amount of energy Mrs. Cash's students use can be reduced the most by having them all ride the bus to school. To determine this answer, you can evaluate the statement that it takes the same amount of energy to transport three students to school by bus as it takes to transport one student by car. Thus, by having all the students ride the bus, the overall energy consumption will be reduced.
15. Gasoline is a nonrenewable energy source. You can identify this answer by understanding that nonrenewable energy sources are those that are finite in quantity and cannot be readily replenished, such as fossil fuels like gasoline.
16. Taking long showers is NOT a good way to manage a natural resource. To determine this answer, you can evaluate the statement that taking long showers does not promote water conservation and efficient use of the natural resource.
17. Development of cars that run on fuels that pollute less and cost less than gasoline is a solution for the future that would follow both Dax's and Ava's recommendations. To determine this answer, you can understand that this solution aligns with Dax's recommendation of lower-cost car transportation and Ava's recommendation to reduce pollution from gasoline-powered cars.
18. Increased erosion is often a result of extensive deforestation. To determine this answer, you can understand that deforestation removes vegetation cover, which leads to increased surface runoff and soil erosion.
19. The "heat island" effect can alter local weather patterns. You can identify this answer by understanding that the heat island effect, caused by the heat-retaining properties of human-made materials, can affect the temperature and air circulation patterns in urban areas, thereby altering local weather conditions.
20. Acid rain can be caused by chemicals released into the air by factories. To determine this answer, you can recognize that acid rain is formed when pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, react with moisture in the atmosphere to form acidic compounds that can be deposited as rain or snowfall.
21. If heat is removed from a sample of nitrogen gas at 37°C (99°F), its temperature will decrease, and it could undergo a change of state into a liquid. To determine this answer, you can understand that removing heat from a gas decreases its temperature and can cause it to condense into a liquid.
22. Heat moves when it is conducted between objects from warmer objects to cooler objects. To determine this answer, you can understand that heat flows from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature.
23. A transfer of heat within a liquid or gas that involves warm particles moving in currents is called convection. You can identify this answer by understanding that convection is the process by which heat is transferred through the movement of a fluid, such as air or water, due to temperature differences.
24. Heat describes energy that flows from warmer objects to cooler objects. You can determine this answer by understanding that heat is a form of energy that is transferred due to temperature differences and flows from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature.
25. Sound waves and light waves travel at different speeds through different materials. You can identify this answer by understanding that the speed of sound waves depends on the properties of the medium through which they travel, while the speed of light waves is constant in a vacuum but can be different in different materials.
26. White light is made up of a spectrum of many different colors of light. You can determine this answer by understanding that white light is composed of all the colors of the visible spectrum, which can be observed when light is passed through a prism or dispersed by water droplets to form a rainbow.
27. If a student were to measure the distance labeled as "Z," she would know the wavelength of the wave. To determine this answer, you can identify that wavelength is the distance between two corresponding points on a wave, such as from one crest to the next or from one trough to the next.
28. The value of two per second describes the frequency of the wave. To determine this answer, you can understand that frequency is the number of wave pulses or cycles that pass a given point per unit of time, typically measured in hertz (Hz).