Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of bacterial genetic evolution?
A: Transformation
B; conjugation
C; Recombination
D; Transduction
What is one main cause of viral genetic variation?
A; Antigenic Conjugation
B; Transduction
C; Antigenic shift
D; Transformation
To determine which of the options is NOT a mechanism of bacterial genetic evolution, we need to understand what each mechanism refers to.
A) Transformation: This mechanism involves the transfer of genetic material from the environment into a bacterial cell.
B) Conjugation: This mechanism involves the transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells through direct cell-to-cell contact.
C) Recombination: This mechanism involves the rearrangement or exchange of genetic material between different genetic elements within a bacterial cell.
D) Transduction: This mechanism involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria).
Now, looking at the options, we can eliminate the correct answer based on our understanding of these mechanisms. Therefore, the correct answer is C; Recombination, as it is indeed a mechanism of bacterial genetic evolution.
Moving on to the second question regarding viral genetic variation:
A) Antigenic Conjugation: This term is not typically used in the context of viral genetics. It seems to be a combination of two concepts: "antigenic" refers to the ability of an organism to produce an immune response, and "conjugation" refers to the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells.
B) Transduction: As mentioned earlier, this mechanism involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage, which is a virus that infects bacteria.
C) Antigenic shift: This term refers to a specific kind of genetic variation seen in influenza viruses. It occurs when two or more different strains of the virus combine their genetic material to create a new strain that may have a different surface protein composition, leading to a significant change in the antigenic properties of the virus.
D) Transformation: In the context of viral genetics, transformation is not a commonly used mechanism for genetic variation in viruses. It is more applicable to bacterial genetics, as mentioned earlier.
Based on the explanation above, the correct answer is D; Transformation, which is not one of the main causes of viral genetic variation.