What kids of intermolecular forces must be overcome as CO2 sublimes? (check all that apply)
1. dispersion forces
2. dipole dipole
3. H-bonds
4. ion dipole
The CO2 molecule is a linear molecule; therefore, it has no net dipole moment and is non-polar as a molecule.
There are no H bonds possible so that's out. Dispersion forces for sure. I see no ions so ion dipole is out. It isn't a dipole so that one is out in my opinion. The question sounds as if there is more than one answer but I stick with a as the only one.
The intermolecular forces that must be overcome as CO2 sublimes are:
1. Dispersion forces
2. Dipole-dipole
H-bonds and ion-dipole interactions do not apply to CO2, as it is a nonpolar molecule and does not contain hydrogen or any ionic components. Thus, the correct answers are:
1. Dispersion forces
2. Dipole-dipole
To determine which intermolecular forces must be overcome as CO2 sublimes, we need to consider the nature of CO2 molecules and the forces between them.
CO2, or carbon dioxide, is a nonpolar molecule, meaning it has no permanent dipole moment. This is because the two oxygen atoms are bonded to the central carbon atom through double bonds, and the molecule has a linear shape. This lack of polarity affects the types of intermolecular forces exhibited by CO2.
1. Dispersion forces (also known as London dispersion forces or van der Waals forces) exist between all molecules, regardless of polarity. These forces arise due to temporary fluctuations in electron distribution, leading to temporary dipoles. CO2 molecules can experience dispersion forces.
2. Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules and involve the attraction between the positive end of one molecule and the negative end of another. However, since CO2 is nonpolar and has no permanent dipole, dipole-dipole forces are not present in CO2.
3. Hydrogen bonding (H-bonds) is a special type of dipole-dipole force that occurs specifically between hydrogen atoms bonded to highly electronegative atoms (such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) and lone pairs of electrons on neighboring molecules. CO2 does not contain hydrogen atoms, so H-bonds are not present in CO2.
4. Ion-dipole forces occur between ions and polar molecules, and since CO2 is a nonpolar molecule, ion-dipole forces are not relevant for CO2.
Therefore, the correct answer is: 1. dispersion forces.