the television show Law & Disorder has been successful for many years. That show recently had a share of 20, which means, that among the TV sets in use, 20% were tuned to Law & Disorder. An advertiser wants to verify that 20% share value by conducting its own survey, and a pilot survey begins with 11 households have TV sets in use at the time of a Law & Disorder broadcast.
Find the probability that none of the households are tuned to Law & Disorder.
P(none) =
Find the probability that at least one household is tuned to Law & Disorder.
P(at least one) =
Find the probability that at most one household is tuned to Law & Disorder.
P(at most one) =
If at most one household is tuned to Law & Disorder, does it appear that the 20% share value is wrong? (Hint: Is the occurrence of at most one household tuned to Law & Disorder unusual?)
Once you put up some answers a tutor will e happy to check your work : )
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01:13
Feature
Plugged In, but Tuned Out: The Evil Influence of Ear Buds
Darrell Thomas
I. Invasion of the Body Snatchers:
Have you noticed a change in the world around you recently? Have you seen how more and more people are walking around with little rectangles in their hands or pockets with long wires plugged straight into their ears? At the grocery store yesterday, I counted at least twenty people completely lost in the music provided by their ever-present cell phones. It’s as if the old science-fiction movie Invasion of the Body Snatchers was coming true; we are being overtaken by pod people. So at the risk of appearing to be a crotchety old man complaining about the “good ole days,” I have to make a stance against the evil influences of the cell phone and ear-bud phenomena on our society.
II. A Rational and Well-Thought Out Fear:
Now, I am not a Luddite; I have no desire to go around smashing up every cell phone or technological gadget in sight. I enjoy and benefit from technological advances just like everyone else. I have a microwave, a television, a lap-top computer, and a gas stove, and I use them all practically every day. I am not accusing people listening to music on their cell phones of having detrimental effects upon our society because I hate music either. I profoundly do not hate music—but I do, ridiculous as it sounds, hate when cell phones are used to block out the real world.
III. The Dangers and Distractions of Ear Buds:
People who have ear buds in their ears simply cannot hear danger approaching. All they hear is the pretend soundtrack of their lives. People walking with ear buds in cannot hear a dog dashing up behind them nor can they hear the footsteps of a thief or murderer sneaking up behind him or her either. People who drive their cars with ear buds plugged in their ears (an act that is considered a traffic violation in many states) cannot hear a child screaming or a horn blowing in warning. Cell phones are known to be a factor in many car accidents. I won’t even mention how distracting ear buds plugged into a cell phone can be for a student in a classroom setting! We basically have handed a device to students that invites them to not pay attention to the real world around them.
IV. Narcissism:
Beyond just being distracting and dangerous, ear buds are detrimental and damaging to society as a whole. Ear buds work against a community of listeners. Everyone is walking all over the neighborhood, plugged into their latest favorite playlist, but no one is talking to anyone. People who are addicted to their ear buds don’t care about other people. They don’t want community and contact with the real world. Ear buds also actively destroy live musicians' ability to make a living with their art form. No one wants live music anymore when they can pay less to hear it instantly and privately anytime they want. If we don’t curb our use of ear buds, all our musicians will languish and no new music will be developed.
V. Toss Them In the Trash!
People refuse to recognize the danger of ear buds because they simply love their ear buds too much to give them up. Ear buds are probably doing serious physical damage to their inner eardrums or even the brain itself, but apparently that doesn’t bother anyone. I shudder to think of what the future will be like if we continue on the path of ear bud dependence we’re traveling. Next time you’re tempted to plug in and tune out, remember my warning. Either we learn to live without ear buds, or we’re going to turn into a nation of complete zombies. Is that where you want to live?
Which detail from the selection is not part of the author's overall argument against ear buds?
Responses
A Ear buds destroy community.Ear buds destroy community.
B Ear buds are far too expensive to buy.Ear buds are far too expensive to buy.
C Ear buds may impede student learning.Ear buds may impede student learning.
D Ear buds can damage hearing.
B Ear buds are far too expensive to buy.
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02:04
Feature
Let's Get It Started!
Gillian White
1I think River Elementary School needs a recycling program so that we can help keep the earth clean. Many other schools have recycling programs. The students in those schools collect used paper and empty drink containers and send them to recycling centers. Recycling centers use the old paper to make new paper. They use the old containers to make new containers and other products. We need a recycling program like this at our school.
2Students and teachers throw away a lot of used paper, and it mostly ends up in the earth. If we had a used-paper collection box in each classroom near the trash bin, students and teachers could put their used paper into the collection box instead of throwing it away. Then we could send this used paper to a recycling center. If we did this, less paper would go into the earth.
3Some people do not think that recycling paper is important. Paper falls apart easily and becomes part of the earth quickly after it is buried. For this reason, some people do not think that throwing away paper is harmful. But what they forget is that trees are used to make paper. In fact, every person uses about two trees’ worth of paper each year! Trees are so important to nature. They help keep the air clean. Plus, many animals make their homes in trees. By recycling paper instead of throwing it away, we can make the world a better place.
4Many drink containers are made of foil, metal, or plastic. These materials are harmful to the earth because they do not break apart when they are buried. If we collected empty drink containers at our school and recycled them, they wouldn't harm the earth. We can even hold contests to see which class can collect the most drink containers. That will make our recycling program fun. Some companies might even give our school money for the containers we collect. We could use this money to buy equipment or supplies. Recycling can help our school and the earth at the same time!
5 Please help to start a recycling program. To start a program, we need help from the school principal, the janitor, and our parents. Each classroom in the school needs a used-paper collection box. We can make these ourselves out of empty cardboard boxes. We can use garbage cans with clear bags to collect empty drink containers in the lunchroom. We can make posters to show people where to put the used paper and empty containers. We students care about the earth, and want to keep it clean. We need a recycling program to do this—and we all need to pitch in to start one!
In which paragraph does the author address the opposing side?
Responses
A paragraph 3
B paragraph 1
C paragraph 4
D paragraph 2
A paragraph 3
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04:09
Feature
Caring for Coral Reefs
Zachary Felton
Coral reefs are amazing underwater worlds. They cover about 186,000 square miles of ocean floor. They mostly exist in the warmest parts of the world. This is because coral reefs develop in shallow, warm water, usually near land and mostly in the tropics. Coral reefs prefer temperatures between 70 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. This is why they are found off the coasts of Africa, India, Australia, and Brazil. Coral reefs closest to us are found off the coast of Florida.
Coral reefs are made up of groups of sea animals called coral polyps. These animals attach to each other and work together to keep the water safe for the plants and animals that live there. Their hard skeletons remain when they are no longer alive. The stony structures they form provide protection and shelter for many different kinds of plants and fish.
Fish, clams, sponges, sharks, and sea turtles are only a few of the thousands of creatures that call coral reefs their home. Many of the plants and fish that live in coral reefs depend on one another to live and grow. People also depend on coral reefs. The reefs contain many plants and animals used in medicines, chemicals, or other products we need to lead healthy lives.
Coral reefs grow best in clear, shallow water. Here, the reefs can still get light from the sun to help them grow. Coral reefs grow about half an inch a year. They can grow much larger under perfect conditions. The Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia is the largest in the world. It is about 1,600 miles long and is made up of almost 3,000 individual reefs. It is so large that it can be seen from outer space. It is the world's biggest single structure made by living creatures.
You might think coral reefs are very strong. They’re actually quite delicate. They can be harmed in many different ways. One way is when careless boaters drive in shallow waters. Many divers hurt reefs by touching them. Also hotel building near the reefs is very harmful, so is the waste that some people dump into the ocean.
It’s very important for people to protect coral reefs. The reefs we have today started to grow thousands of years ago. It would take a long time for them to grow back if they were destroyed. Scientists who study the reefs try to learn more and more about how they work. The information they learn will help us keep the reefs safe for years to come.
How does the third paragraph strengthen the author's argument?
Responses
A It provides information on the dangers of coral reefs.It provides information on the dangers of coral reefs.
B It provides information on the importance of coral reefs.It provides information on the importance of coral reefs.
C It provides information on the number of coral reefs across the world.It provides information on the number of coral reefs across the world.
D It provides information on ways to save coral reefs.
B It provides information on the importance of coral reefs.
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05:15
Feature
America's Great Outdoors Initiative
Donn Saylor
1Pollution levels are increasing. Threats to nature are rising. It has never been more important to protect America's natural beauty. At the same time, the country keeps growing. More people means a need for more goods and services. If not sensibly made, these goods and services can cause lasting problems in nature. Large companies and big businesses often think only about customers' wants. They pay less attention to the long-term problems that the natural world could face as they try to quickly meet those wants.
2To help save America's natural beauty, President Barack Obama created America's Great Outdoors Initiative in 2010. This plan places great value on protecting the country's outdoor spaces. It asks local and state leaders to help make the natural world cleaner and safer. According to the plan, one thing state and local leaders should do is properly care for parks, forests, rivers, mountains, and wildlife.
3Another aim of the plan is to create wildlife corridors, which will let wild animals move freely through outdoor spaces. Animals will be able to find food and shelter more easily. Through these efforts, wildlife will remain alive and well.
4Animals are not the only ones who need a better place to live. The plan also encourages citizens to make their own land more Earth friendly. What can you or I do? One way to help is by using power sources such as wind and sun. Another way to help is through the use of cleaner, more natural farming methods to grow food.
5The main goal of America's Great Outdoors Initiative is for every person to learn more about the country’s outdoor spaces. Today's children spend about half as much time outside as their parents once did. Also, big companies clear two million acres of American land each year to make room for homes and businesses. With such big changes taking place, it is important to value the natural beauty of the country as it is now. By spending time in the great outdoors, people can see the natural wonders America has to offer.
6Like the rest of America's citizens, you should do your part to protect nature. Pollution has been a threat to nature for a long time. That threat has only gotten worse in recent years. Every American can enjoy the beautiful outdoor spaces the country has to offer. In doing so, they will have the opportunity to see how important it is to save these lands. This can happen only by working together to cut pollution and live more Earth friendly lives. America’s Great Outdoors Initiative is the first step in making the whole country more aware of the natural world. It is your key to a brighter world, a healthier life, and a better future.
In which paragraph does the author use a President to give credibility to his argument?
Responses
A paragraph 3
B paragraph 1
C paragraph 2
D paragraph 4
C paragraph 2
To find the probability in each case, we need to use the concept of binomial distribution. The binomial distribution calculates the probability of obtaining a certain number of successes in a fixed number of independent Bernoulli trials (where each trial has only two possible outcomes: success or failure).
1. Probability that none of the households are tuned to Law & Disorder (P(none)):
In this case, we have 11 households and want to find the probability that none of them are tuned to Law & Disorder. Since the share value is 20%, we can assume that each household has a 20% chance of being tuned to Law & Disorder independently.
Using the binomial distribution formula, the probability can be calculated as follows:
P(none) = (1 - p)^n
Where p is the probability of success (20% = 0.2) and n is the number of trials (11 households).
P(none) = (1 - 0.2)^11 = 0.1074
Therefore, the probability that none of the households are tuned to Law & Disorder is 0.1074 or 10.74%.
2. Probability that at least one household is tuned to Law & Disorder (P(at least one)):
To find this probability, we can subtract the probability of none of the households being tuned to Law & Disorder from 1 (since the sum of all possible outcomes should equal 1).
P(at least one) = 1 - P(none) = 1 - 0.1074 = 0.8926
Therefore, the probability that at least one household is tuned to Law & Disorder is 0.8926 or 89.26%.
3. Probability that at most one household is tuned to Law & Disorder (P(at most one)):
This is the sum of the probabilities of none and one household being tuned to Law & Disorder.
P(at most one) = P(none) + P(one)
Using the binomial distribution formula again, with p = 0.2 and n = 11:
P(one) = nC1 * p * (1 - p)^(n-1) = 11 * 0.2 * (1 - 0.2)^(11-1) = 0.3766
P(at most one) = 0.1074 + 0.3766 = 0.484
Therefore, the probability that at most one household is tuned to Law & Disorder is 0.484 or 48.4%.
4. If at most one household is tuned to Law & Disorder, does it appear that the 20% share value is wrong?
To determine if the 20% share value is wrong, we need to consider if the occurrence of at most one household tuned to Law & Disorder is unusual.
If the actual probability of at most one household being tuned to Law & Disorder is significantly lower than the expected probability of 20%, then it would cast doubt on the accuracy of the 20% share value.
Based on the calculated probability of 0.484 (48.4%), which is lower than the expected 20%, it suggests that the 20% share value might be wrong. The occurrence of at most one household being tuned to Law & Disorder is less likely than what would be expected if the actual share value were 20%.
However, to make a definitive conclusion, further analysis and larger sample sizes would be needed to gather more data and assess the accuracy of the share value.