The advent of strategic nuclear weapons and the global reach of foreign policy, geography (geo-politics) became a neglected approach. Now, according to Kaplan, geography is getting its revenge! What does Kaplan mean by the "Revenge of Geography"?
I haven't read this book. But this review may help you find the answer.
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/books/review/the-revenge-of-geography-by-robert-d-kaplan.html
In the context of geopolitics, Robert D. Kaplan's concept of the "Revenge of Geography" refers to the re-emergence of geography as a significant factor in shaping global politics and strategic dynamics. Kaplan argues that in recent decades, with the rise of nuclear weapons and the focus on superpower conflicts, traditional geographic factors, such as natural resources, trade routes, and territorial control, had become somewhat overlooked. However, he suggests that geography is now regaining its importance and impact on world affairs.
To understand what Kaplan means by the "Revenge of Geography," let's look at some key points:
1. Physical Geography: Kaplan emphasizes the influence of physical geography, including landforms, climate, and access to waterways. These factors can profoundly affect human activities, economic development, and geopolitical strategies. For example, the presence of natural resources like oil or minerals can determine which countries wield economic power.
2. Strategic Locations: Geographic location plays a crucial role in geopolitical power dynamics. Nations situated at strategic crossroads or chokepoints exert influence over trade routes and regional stability. Control over maritime chokepoints, such as the Strait of Hormuz or the South China Sea, can provide a significant advantage.
3. Borderlands and Buffer Zones: Kaplan highlights the significance of border regions as geopolitical hotspots. These areas often witness conflicts arising from competition over resources, ethnic tensions, or territorial disputes. The struggle for control of borderlands and buffer zones can have far-reaching consequences for regional stability.
4. The Impact of Technology: While technology has allowed for increasing connectivity and global interdependence, Kaplan argues that geography still shapes the distribution of power. Technological advancements like air power or missiles might change the dynamics of warfare, but their effectiveness is often influenced by geographical factors like terrain, distance, or climate.
5. Resurgence of Regionalism: Kaplan suggests that geography has contributed to the return of regional dynamics in global politics. As the world becomes more interconnected, regions develop their distinctive relationships and power structures, exerting influence beyond national borders. Regional actors with favorable geography may gain an advantage within their specific area of influence.
In summary, the "Revenge of Geography" refers to Kaplan's belief that geography, which was overshadowed by other factors in international relations, has once again become a dominant force in shaping global politics. Understanding geographical factors and their impact on territories, resources, transportation routes, and strategic locations is crucial for comprehending contemporary geopolitical dynamics.