19. Explain why the capitalist system developed in Europe.
20. Describe the hardships and indignities faced by Africans from the time of being captured and transported to the Americas to their life as enslaved laborers in the Americas.
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19. The development of the capitalist system in Europe can be attributed to various factors. One key factor was the gradual shift from feudalism to a more market-oriented economy that began in the 14th century. Feudalism was a system where landowners granted land to peasants in exchange for their labor or services. However, as trade and commerce increased, a growing middle class emerged. These merchants, traders, and craftsmen sought greater economic opportunities and financial independence.
With the expansion of overseas exploration and trade, European powers started to establish global colonial empires. These empires provided vast resources and new markets for goods, leading to significant economic growth. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of property and the pursuit of profit. Profit motives, entrepreneurship, and the accumulation of wealth became central to the development of capitalism.
Another important factor was the influence of philosophers and thinkers who advocated for economic liberalism and individual rights. Prominent figures like Adam Smith and John Locke promoted ideas such as free markets, limited government intervention, and the protection of property rights. These ideas further bolstered the capitalist system by encouraging competition and innovation.
Overall, the capitalist system in Europe developed through a combination of economic transformations, colonial expansion, and the ideas espoused by influential thinkers.
20. The experiences of Africans who were captured, transported, and enslaved in the Americas were marked by immense hardships and inhumane treatment. These individuals were subjected to a long and arduous journey known as the transatlantic slave trade.
Africans were forcibly captured by European slave traders or sold by African intermediaries. They were often captured through violent raids, warfare, or kidnapping, which caused immense suffering for both individuals as well as their communities. Once captured, Africans were marched to coastal slave forts or trading posts, where they were held in captivity before being loaded onto slave ships.
The conditions aboard these ships were brutal, cramped, and dehumanizing. Known as the Middle Passage, this voyage lasted several weeks or even months. Africans endured unsanitary and overcrowded conditions, leading to the spread of diseases, malnutrition, and high mortality rates. They were often chained together, with limited access to fresh air, food, and water. Resistance was met with severe punishment, including whipping, beating, or even death.
Upon arrival in the Americas, enslaved individuals were sold at slave markets to plantation owners or other buyers. They were forcibly separated from their families and subjected to rigorous labor on plantations, mines, or in households. Enslaved Africans endured backbreaking work, often in harsh climates, with limited rest and basic necessities. They were treated as property, deprived of basic human rights, and subjected to physical and psychological abuses by their enslavers.
It is important to acknowledge the immense suffering and resilience of Africans who were enslaved and to recognize the lasting impact of slavery on their descendants and societies.
For more in-depth information on these topics, you may find the following resources helpful:
19.
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Capitalism": https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/capitalism/
- Exploring Economics: "The History of Capitalism": https://www.exploring-economics.org/en/orientation/history-capitalism/
20.
- Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture: "The Middle Passage": https://nmaahc.si.edu/learn/talking-about-race/topics/middle-passage
- UNESCO: "The Transatlantic Slave Trade": http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13144&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html