which of the following was not a contribution of ancient Indian civilization?
A. trade
B. invasion
C. literature
D. religion
To identify which of the options was not a contribution of ancient Indian civilization, we need to evaluate each option and determine if it is indeed a contribution.
A. Trade: Ancient India played a significant role in trade, as it had established trade connections with various civilizations in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Indian goods like spices, textiles, and precious stones were highly sought after. Therefore, trade was indeed a contribution of ancient Indian civilization.
B. Invasion: Invasions are events where one civilization or group conquers and takes control of another civilization. Ancient India did experience invasions throughout its history, such as the invasion of the Aryans and later the Mughals. However, it would not be considered a contribution as it is an outcome rather than a contribution.
C. Literature: Ancient Indian civilization has a rich tradition of literature. It produced significant literary works in Sanskrit, Pali, and other languages. Important texts such as the Vedas, Mahabharata, Ramayana, and various philosophical and scientific treatises were composed. Therefore, literature was indeed a contribution of ancient Indian civilization.
D. Religion: Ancient Indian civilization made remarkable contributions to the field of religion. It produced major religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, each with their own set of beliefs, practices, and philosophies. Therefore, religion was indeed a contribution of ancient Indian civilization.
Based on the explanations above, the correct answer is B. Invasion, as it was not a contribution of ancient Indian civilization but rather a historical event that impacted the civilization.