Give two different kinds of specific examples of transfer from an L1 to and L2?
A particular grammar construction, a particular pronunciation, and a particular word meaning
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When we talk about transfer from an L1 (first language) to an L2 (second language), we refer to the influence or impact that a person's first language has on their second language acquisition. Here are two different kinds of specific examples of transfer:
1. Grammar Construction:
Let's consider the example of a native Spanish speaker learning English as their second language. In Spanish, the word order for a sentence is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). When these speakers start learning English, they might mistakenly transfer this word order into their English sentences, leading to incorrect constructions. For example, instead of saying "I love you," they might say "I you love," following the structure of their native language.
2. Pronunciation:
Now, let's look at an example of pronunciation transfer. Suppose a native French speaker is learning Mandarin Chinese. In French, the /r/ sound is pronounced in the back of the mouth. When French learners of Mandarin attempt to pronounce Mandarin words with the /r/ sound, they might end up transferring their French pronunciation habits. As a result, they might pronounce the Mandarin /r/ sound in the same way as the French /r/ sound, leading to incorrect pronunciation.
3. Word Meaning:
Consider a native German speaker learning English. The German word "Gift" means "poison" in English. However, this same word, "Gift," pronounced in a similar way, is used in English to mean "a present." Due to the similarity in spelling and pronunciation, German speakers often face difficulty in differentiating or translating the meaning of "Gift" when using English.
In all these examples, the learners' native language influences their second language acquisition. Understanding these potential transfer errors is valuable for language learners and teachers in order to address and overcome them in order to achieve better language proficiency.