what was Sparta's government and economy?
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Sparta's government was known as a dual monarchy, which means it had two kings who ruled jointly. These kings were believed to be descendants of Hercules and held the position for life. It is important to note that despite having kings, Sparta was not an absolute monarchy, as the kings were restricted by various institutions and councils.
The Spartan government also had other bodies of power. The Gerousia, or Council of Elders, consisted of 28 men over the age of 60 along with the two kings. The Gerousia proposed laws and acted as a high court. Additionally, there was an assembly of Spartan citizens known as the Apella. The Apella had the power to approve or reject laws proposed by the Gerousia and elected officials. However, it is important to note that these institutions were dominated by the landed aristocracy of Sparta.
As for the economy, ancient Sparta primarily relied on agriculture. The main focus of the Spartan economy was the land, which was farmed by helots—enslaved people who worked the land and provided the necessary produce for Spartan society. This system allowed Spartan citizens, known as Spartiates, to devote themselves to military training without the need to engage in manual labor.
Trade was not a significant part of the Spartan economy, as Spartans discouraged the accumulation of wealth through commerce. They believed that a focus on material possessions and wealth would distract from the pursuit of martial valor and military readiness. As a result, Sparta was a more self-sufficient society that prioritized military strength over economic prosperity.